PROJECT 
Nonclinical Laboratory Studies: Carraguard^®

Publications/Resources
Council researchers' names appear in boldface type.

2004
Phillips, David M., Kristin M. Sudol, Clark L. Taylor, Laura Guichard, Robert Elsen, and Robin A. Maguire. "Lubricants containing N-9 may enhance rectal transmission of HIV and other STIs," Contraception 70(2): 107–110. (abstract)

Sudol, Kristin M. and David M. Phillips. "Relative safety of sexual lubricants for rectal intercourse," Sexually Transmitted Diseases 31(6): 346–349. (abstract)

Wallace, Andrea, Mitchell Thorn, Robin A. Maguire, Kristin M. Sudol, and David M. Phillips. "Assay for establishing whether microbicide applicators have been exposed to the vagina," Sexually Transmitted Diseases 31(8): 465–468. (abstract)

2003
Perotti, Maria-Elisa, Alessia Pirovano, and David M. Phillips. "Carrageenan formulation prevents macrophage trafficking from vagina: Implications for microbicide development," Biology of Reproduction 69(3): 933–939. (abstract) (offsite PDF)

2002
Cohen, Samuel M. and Nobuyuki Ito. "A critical review of the toxicological effects of carrageenan and processed eucheuma seaweed on the gastrointestinal tract," Critical Reviews in Toxicology 32(5): 413–444.

2001
Maguire, Robin A., Naomi Bergman, and David M. Phillips. "Comparison of microbicides for efficacy in protecting mice against vaginal challenge with herpes simplex virus type 2, cytotoxicity, antibacterial properties, and sperm immobilization," Sexually Transmitted Diseases 28(5): 259–265.

1999
Johansson, Elof D.B., Robin A. Maguire, and David M. Phillips. “Pushing the frontiers of science: The Population Council’s Microbicide Basic Science Network on vaginal microbicides research," International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 67(suppl 2): S117–S124. (abstract)

1998
Phillips, David M., Xin Tan, Maria-Elisa Perotti, and Vanaja Zacharopoulos. "Mechanism of monocyte/macrophage-mediated transmission of HIV," AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 14(suppl 1): S67–S70.

Tan, Xin and David M. Phillips. "CAT-transfected epithelial cells provide evidence for a CD4-independent pathway of HIV infection," Journal of Reproductive Immunology 41(1–2): 307–319.

1997
Zacharopoulos, Vanaja R., Maria-Elisa Perotti, and David M. Phillips. "A role for cell migration in the sexual transmission of HIV-1?" Current Biology 7(7): 534–537.

1996
Pearce-Pratt, Rachael and David M. Phillips. "Sulfated polysaccharides inhibit lymphocyte-to-epithelial transmission of human immunodeficiency virus-1," Biology of Reproduction 54(1): 173–182.

Phillips, David M. "Intravaginal formulations to prevent HIV infection," Perspectives in Drug Discovery and Design 5(1): 213–224.

1995
Pope, Melissa , M.G. Betjes, N. Romani, H. Hirmand, L. Hoffman, S. Gezelter, G. Schuler, P.U. Cameron, and R.M. Steinman.  "Dendritic cell–T cell conjugates that migrate from normal human skin are an explosive site of infection for HIV-1," Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 378: 457–460.

1994
Phillips, David M., Xin Tan, Rachael Pearce-Pratt, and Vanaja R. Zacharopoulos. "Towards developing a vaginal formulation which will prevent infection by human immunodeficiency virus," in J.-Y. Gillet and A. Bongain (eds.), 2nd International Symposium on AIDS and Reproduction. Montpellier, France: Sauramps Medical Publications, pp. 229–238.

1993
Pearce-Pratt, Rachael and David M. Phillips. "Studies of adhesion of lymphocytic cells: Implications for sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus," Biology of Reproduction 48(3): 431–445.

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