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No. 193, 2004 Ritchie, Amanda, Cynthia B. Lloyd, and Monica Grant. "Gender differences in time use among adolescents in developing countries: Implications of rising school enrollment rates," Policy Research Division Working Paper no. 193. New York: Population Council.(PDF) Abstract Three research questions are addressed in this paper: (1) How does time use change during the transition to adulthood? (2) Does gender role differentiation intensify during the transition? (3) Does school attendance attenuate gender differences? Researchers at the Population Council have been involved in the collection of 24-hour recall data on time use from adolescents in India, Kenya, Pakistan, and South Africa. Sufficient data have now been collected to permit comparative analysis. These data are supplemented by comparable data from Guatemala and Nicaragua from the World Bank Living Standard Measurement surveys. Our research addresses significant gaps in the literature, in particular the lack of attention to how time use is affected by school attendance. The data document differences in time use patterns between students and nonstudents. Although female adolescent students still work longer hours than male adolescent students, the gender division of labor that typically develops during adolescence is greatly attenuated among students when time spent at work is measured by combining labor market work with noneconomic household work.
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