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Sheldon J. Segal is Distinguished Scientist at the Population Council and chairman of the Council's Institutional Review Board. He is the former director for Population Sciences at the Rockefeller Foundation and continues his association with the Foundation as the Ella Walker Distinguished Scholar, Bellagio Study Center. He is an adjunct professor of clinical pharmacology at Cornell Medical School.

A leading authority on global population issues, family planning, and contraceptive technology, Segal is a member of the National Academy of Sciences' Institute of Medicine and is the 1984 Laureate of the United Nations Population Award. He has served as advisor to the World Health Organization and to the United Nations Population Fund, the World Bank, the European Parliament, and the US Congress. He is the author of over 300 publications in the field of embryology, endocrinology, the biology of reproduction, contraceptive development, and family planning, and has served on the editorial boards of six scientific journals. Segal received his B.A. at Dartmouth and holds a Ph.D. in embryology and biochemistry from the University of Iowa, in addition to three honorary doctorates. In 2007, he was awarded the Joseph Bolivar DeLee Humanitarian Award, conferred by the University of Chicago for an "extraordinary contribution to the health of women and infants."

Segal directed the research that led to the development of copper-bearing IUDs and implant contraceptives (Jadelle® and Norplant®), as well as initial studies on contraceptive vaginal rings, the intrauterine system Mirena®, contraceptive vaccines, and male contraceptives. The modern IUD and Norplant provide contraception for more than 120 million women globally.