Through the development of new reproductive technologies for women, scientists at the Population Council hope to provide women around the world with more control and autonomy around family planning and disease prevention. Scientists are engaged in developing effective products that are also easy to use and sensitive to the needs of economically and/or socially vulnerable women.
Population Council focus
Scientists at the Council’s Center for Biomedical Research are developing a wide range of contraceptives for women, including long-acting injectables, subdermal (beneath the skin) implants, intrauterine delivery systems, vaginal rings, and transdermal (through the skin) systems. In addition:
- Many female contraceptives under development at the Council employ Nestorone®, a versatile synthetic progestin similar to the natural hormone progesterone. Nestorone® is the registered trademark held by the Population Council for this synthetic progestin, which has less androgen-like unwanted side effect activity than many other synthetic progestins on the market.
- Ulipristal acetate is a novel synthetic progestin also under development for contraception with a potential additional health benefit (i.e., protection of breast health in women).
- Population Council scientists are exploring ways to deliver contraceptive hormones transdermally, via a gel or a skin spray, or in innovative microspheres such as injectables with different formulations for contraception or hormone therapy.
Population Council impact
- The Council is collaborating with Antares Pharma to develop a novel hormonal contraceptive that combines Nestorone® and a form of estrogen that is chemically identical to naturally occurring estrogen. This combination was chosen because of the potential for superior safety of the two hormones as compared with older contraceptive steroids, a development that will enable women to utilize even safer methods of hormonal birth control with fewer side effects than before.
- Building on the experience gained from the development of the implants Norplant® and Jadelle®, and through additional studies of Nestorone® that determined it may be safely used by breastfeeding women, the Council has worked to develop a single-rod implant containing Nestorone® so that lactating women can safely protect themselves against pregnancy for up to two years.
- The Council has developed a promising new one-year contraceptive vaginal ring, a pliable drug-delivery system that can be inserted into the vagina, where it slowly releases hormones that are absorbed into the bloodstream. When this easy-to-use, user-controlled, reversible method becomes available, the ring's longevity of use and other unique characteristics will make it a highly convenient, affordable, and effective method of birth control beneficial to women in low-resource settings.
Future directions
- Council researchers are exploring the additional health benefits that Ulipristal can have for breast and endometrial cells. This work has the potential to enable scientists at the Center for Biomedical Research to develop a multipurpose contraceptive that both protects women from pregnancy and promotes breast and other reproductive tissue health.
- Population Council scientists and members of its external advisory International Committee for Contraception Research are evaluating a range of potential products to fill the gap in protective options, including vaginal gels for use on demand before or after intercourse. Development of new contraceptive methods and active hormonal and nonhormonal drugs are necessary to expand women's choices in their goal to achieve effective spacing and timing of pregnancies, both of which are crucial to decreasing maternal mortality.
Projects
Dual Health Benefits: Nestorone
Council scientists at the Center for Biomedical Research are developing safer and more effective long-acting contraceptives that have dual health benefits, using molecules with selective binding to hormone receptors, such as Nestorone®, a derivative of progesterone.
(1/2010 - ongoing)
France, United States
Dual Health Benefits: Ulipristal (more)
Council scientists at the Center for Biomedical Research are developing safer and more effective long-acting contraceptives that have dual health benefits, using molecules with selective binding to hormone receptors, such as ulipristal, a novel progesterone receptor modulator.
(1/2010 - ongoing)
United States
Emergency Contraceptive Potential of Products Under Development (more)
Many contraceptive products may have utility as emergency contraceptive methods; the Council is evaluating the potential of selected candidate products.
(1/2005 - ongoing)
United States
Female Hormone Therapy (more)
Research at the Center for Biomedical Research is part of the Council's ongoing efforts to evaluate the long-term safety of the progesterone receptor modulator CDB-2914 for hormone therapy.
(1/2001 - ongoing)
United States
Nestorone® (more)
Many of the products under development at the Council employ Nestorone, a versatile synthetic progestin similar to the natural hormone progesterone
(1/2005 - ongoing)
United States
Transdermal Delivery Systems for Women: Contraceptive Gel (more)
Council scientists are developing a contraceptive gel that is absorbed through the skin.
(1/2005 - ongoing)
United States
Transdermal Delivery Systems for Women: Spray-on Contraceptive (more)
Council researchers are developing a transdermal spray-on contraceptive that makes use of the synthetic progestin Nestorone.
(1/2007 - ongoing)
Australia, United States
Assessing the Acceptability of the Progesterone Vaginal Ring in Sub-Saharan Africa (more)
To expand contraceptive options for women in sub-Saharan Africa we are evaluating the acceptability of the progesterone vaginal ring, a user-controlled contraceptive method for lactating women, and exploring strategies for how to introduce the new technology.
(10/2011 - 9/2014)
Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal
One-year Combination Vaginal Ring, Phase 3 Study (more)
The NES/EE vaginal ring is a user-controlled method that can be reused for one year.
(9/2005 - 6/2009)
Americas, Australia, Europe, United States
CDB-2914 Intrauterine Delivery System (more)
Council biomedical researchers are developing an intrauterine contraceptive delivery system that releases a novel progesterone receptor modulator.
(1/2005 - 1/2007)
United States
Resources
"Safe for mothers and babies," Progesterone Vaginal Ring fact sheet (PDF)
Publication date: 2013
"Anneau vaginal avec progestérone (PVR) : Un nouveau contraceptif contrôlé par l'utilisatrice à l'intention des femmes qui allaient," brochure d'information (PDF)
Publication date: 2012
"How does the PVR prevent pregnancy?" Progesterone Vaginal Ring fact sheet (PDF)
Publication date: 2012
"Progesterone vaginal ring (PVR): A new user-controlled contraceptive for breastfeeding women," informational brochure (PDF)
Publication date: 2012
Bangladesh: A model for national family planning program integration (HTML)
Hossain,Sharif Mohammed Ismail; Khan,M.E.; Foster,Angel M.; Wynn,L.L.
from Emergency Contraception: The Story of a Global Reproductive Health Technology, pp. 221-237
Publication date: 2012
Country mapping: Kenya (PDF)
Obare,Francis; Liambila,Wilson; Birungi,Harriet; Itombra,Eseoise; Clark,Heather; RamaRao,Saumya
Progesterone Vaginal Ring Technical Report
Publication date: 2012
Country mapping: Nigeria (PDF)
Ishaku,Salisu Mohammed; RamaRao,Saumya
Progesterone Vaginal Ring Technical Report
Publication date: 2012
Country mapping: Senegal (PDF)
Mane,Babacar; Diop,Nafissatou; Termini,Nancy; RamaRao,Saumya; Clark,Heather
Progesterone Vaginal Ring Technical Report
Publication date: 2012
Effects of a novel estrogen-free, progesterone receptor modulator-contraceptive vaginal ring on inhibition of ovulation, bleeding patterns and endometrium in normal women (abstract) (HTML)
Brache,Vivian; Sitruk-Ware,Regine; Williams,A.; Blithe,Diana; Croxatto,Horacio B.; Kumar,Narender; Kumar,Sushma; Tsong,Yun-yen; Sivin,Irving; Nath,Anita; Sussman,Heather; Cochon,Leila; Miranda,Maria Jose; Reyes,Veronica; Faundes,Anibal; Mishell,Daniel R.,Jr.
Contraception 85(5): 480-488
Publication date: 2012
Evaluation of progesterone vaginal ring as a new contraceptive option in India: CRF completion guidelines
Malabika,Roy; Aruldas,Kumudha; Merkatz,Ruth B.; Huang,Young-mei; Hariprasad,Roopa
Publication date: 2011
Mifepristone in combination with prostaglandins for termination of 10-16 weeks' gestation: A systematic review (abstract) (HTML)
Chen,Qiu-ju; Hou,Shu-ping; Meads,Catherine; Huang,Yong-mei; Hong,Qing-qing; Zhu,Hao-ping; Cheng,Li-nan
European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 159(2): 247-254
Publication date: 2011
New strategies for providing hormonal contraception in developing countries (abstract) (HTML)
Townsend,John W.; Sitruk-Ware,Regine; Williams,Katherine; Askew,Ian; Brill,Klaus
Contraception 83(5): 405-409
Publication date: 2011
Nomegestrol acetate, a novel progestogen for oral contraception (abstract) (HTML)
Mueck,Alfred O.; Sitruk-Ware,Regine
Steroids 76(6): 531-539
Publication date: 2011
Termination of second-trimester pregnancy by mifepristone combined with misoprostol versus intra-amniotic injection of ethacridine lactate (Rivanol®): A systematic review of Chinese trials (abstract) (HTML)
Hou,Shu-ping; Fang,Ai-hua; Chen,Qin-fang; Huang,Yong-mei; Chen,Qiu-ju; Cheng,Li-nan
Contraception 84(3): 214-223
Publication date: 2011
"Nestorone gel: A novel contraceptive gel," fact sheet (PDF)
Publication date: 2010
A dose-finding, cross-over study to evaluate the effect of a transdermal Nestorone®-estradiol (NES/E2) gel on ovulation suppression and assess acceptability in healthy ovulating women (abstract)
Presentation at American Society for Reproductive Medicine 66th Annual Meeting, Denver, 23-27 October
Merkatz,Ruth B.; Sitruk-Ware,Regine; Mishell,Daniel R.,Jr.; Brache,Vivian; Taylor,DeShawn; Gaete,Cristian Jesam
Publication date: 2010
Mirena® proved useful in women with endometrial cancer and precancer, preserving fertility (PDF)
Population Briefs 16(2)
Publication date: 2010
Progesterone vaginal ring for contraceptive use during lactation (abstract) (HTML)
Nath,Anita; Sitruk-Ware,Regine
Contraception 82(5): 428-434
Publication date: 2010
State-of-the-art of non-hormonal methods of contraception: I. Mechanical barrier contraception (abstract) (HTML)
Batar,I.; Sivin,Irving
European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care 15(2): 67-88
Publication date: 2010
State-of-the-art of non-hormonal methods of contraception: III. Intrauterine devices (abstract) (HTML)
Sivin,Irving; Batar,I.
European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care 15(2): 96-112
Publication date: 2010
State-of-the-art of non-hormonal methods of contraception: IV. Natural family planning (abstract) (HTML)
Freundl,G.; Sivin,Irving; Batar,I.
European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care 15(2): 113-123
Publication date: 2010
The use of newer progestins for contraception (abstract) (HTML)
Sitruk-Ware,Regine; Nath,Anita
Contraception 82(5): 410-417
Publication date: 2010
Contraceptive research leads to an array of options (PDF)
Population Briefs 15(3)
Publication date: 2009
Different cardiovascular effects of progestins according to structure and activity (abstract) (HTML)
Nath,Anita; Sitruk-Ware,Regine
Climacteric 12(suppl 1): 96-101
Publication date: 2009
Effectiveness of medical abortion with mifepristone and buccal misoprostol through 59 gestational days (abstract) (HTML)
Fjerstad,Mary; Sivin,Irving; Lichtenberg,E.Steve; Trussell,James; Cleland,Kelly; Cullins,Vanessa
Contraception 80(3): 282-286
Publication date: 2009
Meta-analysis of 200 or 600 mg mifepristone in association with two prostaglandins for termination of early pregnancy (abstract) (HTML)
Lievre,Michel; Sitruk-Ware,Regine
Contraception 80(1): 95-100
Publication date: 2009
Methods for female contraception: A model for innovation in drug delivery systems (abstract) (HTML)
Merkatz,Ruth B.; Tokay,Barbara A.; Sitruk-Ware,Regine
Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 85(5): 553-557
Publication date: 2009
Parenteral administration of progestins for hormonal replacement therapy (abstract) (HTML)
Nath,Anita; Sitruk-Ware,Regine
European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care 14(2): 88-96
Publication date: 2009
Rates of serious infection after changes in regimens for medical abortion (abstract) (HTML)
Fjerstad,Mary; Trussell,James; Sivin,Irving; Lichtenberg,E.Steve; Cullins,Vanessa
New England Journal of Medicine 361(2): 145-151
Publication date: 2009
Unexpected heaping in reported gestational age for women undergoing medical abortion (abstract) (HTML)
Sivin,Irving; Trussell,James; Lichtenberg,E.Steve; Fjerstad,Mary; Cleland,Kelly; Cullins,Vanessa
Contraception 80(3): 287-291
Publication date: 2009
Does estrogen therapy reduce coronary artery calcification in postmenopausal women? (HTML)
Sitruk-Ware,Regine
Nature Clinical Practice Endocrinology and Metabolism 4(1): 12-13
Publication date: 2008
Effects of estradiol with oral or intravaginal progesterone on risk markers for breast cancer in a postmenopausal monkey model (abstract) (HTML)
Wood,Charles E.; Sitruk-Ware,Regine; Tsong,Yun-yen; Register,Thomas C.; Lees,Cynthia J.; Cline,J.Mark
Menopause 14(4): 1-9
Publication date: 2007
Effects of levonorgestrel-releasing IUS and progesterone receptor modulator PRM CDB-2914 on uterine leiomyomas (abstract) (HTML)
Maruo,Takeshi; Ohara,Noriyuki; Matsuo,Hiroya; Xu,Qin; Chen,Wei; Sitruk-Ware,Regine; Johansson,Elof D.B.
Contraception 75(6S): S99-S103
Publication date: 2007
Preclinical and clinical properties of trimegestone: A potent and selective progestin (abstract) (HTML)
Sitruk-Ware,Regine; Bossemeyer,Ronald; Bouchard,Philippe
Gynecological Endocrinology 23(6): 310-319
Publication date: 2007
Special issue on intrauterine devices and systems (abstract) (HTML)
Sitruk-Ware,Regine; Donaldson,Peter J.
Contraception 75(6S): S1-
Publication date: 2007
The changing position of IUDs in reproductive health services in developing countries: Opportunities and challenges (abstract) (HTML)
Townsend,John W.; Jacobstein,Roy
Contraception 75(6S): S35-S40
Publication date: 2007
The levonorgestrel intrauterine system for use in peri- and postmenopausal women (abstract) (HTML)
Sitruk-Ware,Regine
Contraception 75(6S): S155-S160
Publication date: 2007
Utility and drawbacks of continuous use of a copper T IUD for 20 years (abstract) (HTML)
Sivin,Irving
Contraception 75(6S): S70-S75
Publication date: 2007
"The one-year contraceptive ring: A technology in development," brochure (PDF)
Publication date: 2006
Emergency contraception: A method every woman should know (abstract)
Khan,M.E.; Sebastian,Mary Philip
Total Health 1(7): 16-
Publication date: 2006
New progestagens for contraceptive use (abstract) (PDF)
Sitruk-Ware,Regine
Human Reproduction Update 12(2): 169-178
Publication date: 2006
Progesterone receptor modulator CDB-2914 down-regulates vascular endothelial growth factor, adrenomedullin and their receptors and modulates progesterone receptor content in cultured human uterine leiomyoma cells (abstract) (PDF) (HTML)
Xu,Qin; Ohara,Noriyuki; Chen,Wei; Liu,Jin; Sasaki,Hiroko; Morikawa,Akira; Sitruk-Ware,Regine; Johansson,Elof D.B.; Maruo,Takeshi
Human Reproduction 21(9): 2408-2416
Publication date: 2006
The levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (Mirena®) (HTML)
Sitruk-Ware,Regine
Gynaecology Forum 11(2): 1-32
Publication date: 2006
Transition from Norplant to Jadelle in a clinic with extensive experience providing contraceptive implants (abstract) (HTML)
Brache,Vivian; Faundes,Anibal; Alvarez-Sanchez,Francisco; Garcia,Ana-Gloria
Contraception 73(4): 364-367
Publication date: 2006
Contraceptive vaginal rings releasing Nestorone® and ethinylestradiol: A 1-year dose-finding trial (abstract) (HTML)
Sivin,Irving; Mishell,Daniel R.,Jr.; Alvarez,Francisco; Brache,Vivian; Elomaa,Kaisa; Lahteenmaki,Pekka; Massai,Rebeca; Miranda,Patricia; Croxatto,Horacio B.; Dean,Catherine; Small,Margaret; Nash,Harold A.; Jackanicz,Theodore M.
Contraception 71(2): 122-129
Publication date: 2005
Effect of a levonorgestrel intrauterine system on women with type 1 diabetes: A randomized trial (abstract) (HTML)
Rogovskaya,Svetlana; Rivera,Roberto; Grimes,David A.; Chen,Pai-lien; Pierre-Louis,Bosny; Prilepskaya,Vera; Kulakov,Vladimir
Obstetrics and Gynecology 105(4): 811-815
Publication date: 2005
Emergency contraception's mode of action clarified (PDF)
Population Briefs 11(2)
Publication date: 2005
Pharmacology of different progestogens: The special case of drospirenone (abstract) (HTML)
Sitruk-Ware,Regine
Climacteric 8(suppl 3): 4-12
Publication date: 2005
Progesterone receptor modulator CDB-2914 down-regulates proliferative cell nuclear antigen and Bcl-2 protein expression and up-regulates caspase-3 and poly(adenosine 5'-diphosphate-ribose) polymerase expression in cultured human uterine leiomyoma cells (abstract) (PDF) (HTML)
Xu,Qin; Takekida,Shigeki; Ohara,Noriyuki; Chen,Wei; Sitruk-Ware,Regine; Johansson,Elof D.B.; Maruo,Takeshi
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 90(2): 953-961
Publication date: 2005
The levonorgestrel intrauterine system: Long-term contraception and therapeutic effects (abstract) (PDF)
Sitruk-Ware,Regine; Inki,Pirjo
Women's Health 1(2): 171-182
Publication date: 2005
Vaginal delivery of contraceptives (abstract) (HTML)
Sitruk-Ware,Regine
Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery 2(4): 729-736
Publication date: 2005
Exogenous progestagens and the human breast (abstract) (HTML)
Sitruk-Ware,Regine; Plu-Bureau,Genevieve
Maturitas 49(1): 58-66
Publication date: 2004
Future developments in hormonal contraception (abstract) (HTML)
Johansson,Elof D.B.
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 190(suppl 1): S69-S71
Publication date: 2004
New delivery systems in contraception: Vaginal rings (abstract) (HTML)
Johansson,Elof D.B.; Sitruk-Ware,Regine
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 190(suppl 1): S54-S59
Publication date: 2004
New progestogens: A review of their effects in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women (abstract) (HTML)
Sitruk-Ware,Regine
Drugs and Aging 21(13): 865-883
Publication date: 2004
Pharmacological profile of progestins (abstract) (HTML)
Sitruk-Ware,Regine
Maturitas 47(4): 277-283
Publication date: 2004
Role of progestins with partial antiandrogenic effects (abstract) (HTML)
Sitruk-Ware,Regine; Husmann,F.; Skouby,S.O.; Thijssen,J.H.H.; Fruzzetti,F.; Hanker,J.; Huber,J.; Druckmann,R.
Climacteric 7(3): 238-254
Publication date: 2004
Two-year performance of a Nestorone-releasing contraceptive implant: A three-center study of 300 women (abstract) (HTML)
Sivin,Irving; Croxatto,Horacio B.; Bahamondes,Luis; Brache,Vivian; Alvarez-Sanchez,Francisco; Massai,Rebeca; Schechter,Janet; Ranta,Sirpa; Kumar,Narender; Wu,Esther; Tejada,Ana-Sofia; Reyes,Veronica; Travers,Elaine; Allen,Arthur; Moo-Young,Alfred J.
Contraception 69(2): 137-144
Publication date: 2004
Alternatives for optimal hormone replacement therapy (abstract)
Sitruk-Ware,Regine
Climacteric 6(suppl 2): 11-16
Publication date: 2003
Estradiol/progesterone-releasing vaginal rings for hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women (abstract) (HTML)
Hamada,Anna Lissa; Maruo,Takeshi; Samoto,Takashi; Yoshida,Shigeki; Nash,Harold A.; Spitz,Irving M.; Johansson,Elof D.B.
Gynecological Endocrinology 17(3): 247-254
Publication date: 2003
Hormone therapy and the cardiovascular system: The critical role of progestins (abstract)
Sitruk-Ware,Regine
Climacteric 6(suppl 3): 21-28
Publication date: 2003
Hormone Use in Menopause and Male Andropause: A Choice for Women and Men
Segal,Sheldon J.; Mastroianni,Luigi,Jr.
Publication date: 2003
Progestins in hormonal replacement therapy (HRT): New molecules, risks and benefits
Sitruk-Ware,Regine
Annales d'Endocrinologie 64(2): 178-178
Publication date: 2003
Progestins in hormonal therapy (HT) today, tomorrow and the next day: A roundtable discussion (HTML)
Sitruk-Ware,Regine
Steroids 68(10-13): 973-979
Publication date: 2003
Risks and benefits, advantages and disadvantages of levonorgestrel-releasing contraceptive implants (abstract) (HTML)
Sivin,Irving
Drug Safety 26(5): 303-335
Publication date: 2003
Role of progestogen in hormone therapy for postmenopausal women: Position statement of The North American Menopause Society (abstract) (HTML)
Menopause 10(2): 113-132
Publication date: 2003
Subdermal progestin implant (Nestorone®) in the treatment of endometriosis: Clinical response to various doses (abstract) (HTML)
Ylanen,Kaija; Laatikainen,Timo; Lahteenmaki,Pekka; Moo-Young,Alfred J.
Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 82(2): 167-172
Publication date: 2003
Antiandrogenic progestogens in hormone replacement therapy (HTML)
Sitruk-Ware,Regine
Gynaecology Forum 7(2): 8-11
Publication date: 2002
Effects of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system on the endometrium and the relevance to the management of menorrhagia caused by uterine myoma and adenomyosis
Maruo,Takeshi; Laoag-Fernandez,Jovelle B.; Matsuo,Hiroya; Samoto,Takashi; Kurachi,Osamu; Takeuchi,S.; Spitz,Irving M.; Pakarinen,Paivi; Lahteenmaki,Pekka; Johansson,Elof D.B.; Barlow,David; Mardon,Helen; Kennedy,Stephen
from Cell and Molecular Biology of Endometrium in Health and Disease, pp. 193-207
Publication date: 2002
Hormonal replacement therapy (HTML)
Sitruk-Ware,Regine
Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders 3(3): 243-256
Publication date: 2002
Jadelle® Levonorgestrel Rod Implants: A Summary of Scientific Data and Lessons Learned from Programmatic Experience (PDF)
Sivin,Irving; Nash,Harold A.; Waldman,Sandra N.
Publication date: 2002
Pharmacokinetic study of different dosing regimens of levonorgestrel for emergency contraception in healthy women (abstract) (PDF) (HTML)
Johansson,Elof D.B.; Brache,Vivian; Alvarez-Sanchez,Francisco; Faundes,Anibal; Cochon,Leila; Ranta,Sirpa; Lovern,Mark; Kumar,Narender
Human Reproduction 17(6): 1472-1476
Publication date: 2002
Progestins and breast cancer risk: State of the controversy
Sitruk-Ware,Regine; Plu-Bureau,Genevieve; Neves-e-Castro,Manuel; Wren,Barry G.
from Menopause: Hormones and Cancer, pp. 123-128
Publication date: 2002
Progestogens in hormonal replacement therapy: New molecules, risks, and benefits (abstract) (HTML)
Sitruk-Ware,Regine
Menopause 9(1): 6-15
Publication date: 2002
Recent developments in contraceptive implants at the Population Council (abstract) (HTML)
Sivin,Irving; Moo-Young,Alfred J.
Contraception 65(1): 113-119
Publication date: 2002
Unraveling Mirena's molecular mystery
Population Council Annual Report 2002
Publication date: 2002
Vaginal rings delivering progesterone and estradiol may be a new method of hormone replacement therapy (abstract) (HTML)
Maruo,Takeshi; Mishell,Daniel R.,Jr.; Ben-Chetrit,Avraham; Hochner-Celnikier,Drorith; Hamada,Anna Lissa; Nash,Harold A.
Fertility and Sterility 78(5): 1010-1016
Publication date: 2002
Effects of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system on proliferation and apoptosis in the endometrium (abstract) (PDF) (HTML)
Maruo,Takeshi; Laoag-Fernandez,Jovelle B.; Pakarinen,Paivi; Murakoshi,H.; Spitz,Irving M.; Johansson,Elof D.B.
Human Reproduction 16(10): 2103-2108
Publication date: 2001
Immediate postabortal contraception with the levonorgestrel intrauterine device, Norplant, and traditional methods (abstract) (HTML)
Ortayli,Nuriye; Bulat,Aysen; Sahin,Tulay; Sivin,Irving
Contraception 63(6): 309-314
Publication date: 2001
Levonorgestrel concentrations during 7 years of continuous use of Jadelle contraceptive implants (abstract) (HTML)
Sivin,Irving; Wan,Livia; Ranta,Sirpa; Alvarez,Francisco; Brache,Vivian; Mishell,Daniel R.,Jr.; Darney,Philip; Biswas,Arijit; Diaz,Soledad; Kiriwat,Orawan; Anant,Manee Piya; Klaisle,Cynthia; Pavez,Margarita; Schechter,Janet
Contraception 64(1): 43-49
Publication date: 2001
Post-marketing surveillance of Norplant contraceptive implants: I. Contraceptive efficacy and reproductive health (abstract) (HTML)
Meirik,Olav; Farley,Timothy M.M.; Sivin,Irving; Diaz,Soledad
Contraception 63(4): 167-186
Publication date: 2001
Post-marketing surveillance of Norplant contraceptive implants: II. Non-reproductive health (abstract) (HTML)
Meirik,Olav; Farley,Timothy M.M.; Sivin,Irving; Diaz,Soledad; Collins,John
Contraception 63(4): 187-209
Publication date: 2001
Safety and efficacy of levonorgestrel implant, intrauterine device, and sterilization (abstract) (HTML)
Meirik,Olav; Farley,Timothy M.M.; Sivin,Irving
Obstetrics and Gynecology 97(4): 539-547
Publication date: 2001
The IUD and recovery of fertility (PDF)
Sivin,Irving; Webb,Anne; Stedman,Yvonne
Family Planning Perspectives 33(5): 234-241
Publication date: 2001
A detailed analysis of menstrual blood loss in women using Norplant® and Nestorone® progestogen-only contraceptive implants or vaginal rings (abstract) (HTML)
Fraser,Ian S.; Weisberg,Edith; Minehan,Ellen; Johansson,Elof D.B.
Contraception 61(4): 241-251
Publication date: 2000
Biodegradable systems for long-acting Nestorone®
Trantolo,Debra J.; Wise,Donald L.; Moo-Young,Alfred J.; Hsu,Yung-Yueh; Gresser,Joseph D.; Klibanov,Alexander; Langer,Robert; Mikos,Antonio; Brannon-Peppas,Lisa; Peppas,Nicholas A.; Wnek,Gary E.; Yaszemski,Michael J.
from Handbook of Pharmaceutical Controlled Release Technology, pp. 807-819
Publication date: 2000
Effects of progesterone on uterine leiomyoma growth and apoptosis (abstract) (HTML)
Maruo,Takeshi; Matsuo,Hiroya; Samoto,Takashi; Shimomura,Yosuke; Kurachi,Osamu; Gao,Zhijian; Wang,Yin; Spitz,Irving M.; Johansson,Elof D.B.
Steroids 65(10-11): 585-592
Publication date: 2000
Ovarian function during use of Nestorone® subdermal implants (abstract) (HTML)
Brache,Vivian; Massai,Rebeca; Mishell,Daniel R.,Jr.; Moo-Young,Alfred J.; Alvarez-Sanchez,Francisco; Salvatierra,Ana Maria; Cochon,Leila; Croxatto,Horacio B.; Robbins,Ann; Faundes,Anibal
Contraception 61(3): 199-204
Publication date: 2000
Progesterone receptor modulators and progesterone antagonists in women's health (abstract) (HTML)
Spitz,Irving M.; Chwalisz,Kristof
Steroids 65(10-11): 807-815
Publication date: 2000
Progestin-only contraceptive rings (abstract) (HTML)
Brache,Vivian; Alvarez-Sanchez,Francisco; Faundes,Anibal; Jackanicz,Theodore M.; Mishell,Daniel R.,Jr.; Lahteenmaki,Pekka
Steroids 65(10-11): 687-691
Publication date: 2000
Prolonged effectiveness of Norplant® capsule implants: A 7-year study (abstract) (HTML)
Sivin,Irving; Mishell,Daniel R.,Jr.; Diaz,Soledad; Biswas,Arijit; Alvarez-Sanchez,Francisco; Darney,Philip; Holma,Pentti; Wan,Livia; Brache,Vivian; Kiriwat,Orawan; Abdalla,Kamal; Campodonico,Italo; Pasquale,Samuel; Pavez,Margarita; Schechter,Janet
Contraception 61(3): 187-194
Publication date: 2000
Safety of three formulations of nonoxynol-9-containing vaginal spermicides (HTML)
Coggins,Christiana; Elias,Christopher J.; N-9 Formulation Preference Study Group Committee
International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 68(3): 267-268
Publication date: 2000
Usefulness of estradiol/progesterone-releasing vaginal rings in long-term management of postmenopausal women
Maruo,Takeshi; Samoto,Takashi; Yoshida,Shigeki; Hamada,Anna Lissa; Nash,Harold A.; Spitz,Irving M.; Johansson,Elof D.B.
Advances in Obstetrics and Gynecology 52(2): 266-271
Publication date: 2000
Vaginal epithelial surface appearances in women using vaginal rings for contraception (abstract) (HTML)
Fraser,Ian S.; Lacarra,Maria; Mishell,Daniel R.,Jr.; Alvarez-Sanchez,Francisco; Brache,Vivian; Lahteenmaki,Pekka; Elomaa,Kaisa; Weisberg,Edith; Nash,Harold A.
Contraception 61(2): 131-138
Publication date: 2000
Vaginal rings for contraception in lactating women (abstract) (HTML)
Massai,Rebeca; Diaz,Soledad; Jackanicz,Theodore M.; Croxatto,Horacio B.
Steroids 65(10-11): 703-707
Publication date: 2000
A comparative study of two contraceptive vaginal rings releasing norethindrone acetate and differing doses of ethinyl estradiol (abstract) (HTML)
Weisberg,Edith; Fraser,Ian S.; Mishell,Daniel R.,Jr.; Lacarra,Maria; Darney,Philip; Jackanicz,Theodore M.
Contraception 59(5): 305-310
Publication date: 1999
Correlation of endocrine profiles with bleeding patterns during use of Nestorone® contraceptive implants (abstract) (PDF)
Faundes,Anibal; Alvarez,Francisco; Brache,Vivian; Cochon,Leila; Tejada,Ana-Sofia; Moo-Young,Alfred J.
Human Reproduction 14(12): 3013-3017
Publication date: 1999
Efficacy, bleeding patterns, and side effects of a 1-year contraceptive vaginal ring (abstract) (HTML)
Weisberg,Edith; Fraser,Ian S.; Lacarra,Maria; Mishell,Daniel R.,Jr.; Alvarez,Francisco; Brache,Vivian; Nash,Harold A.
Contraception 59(5): 311-318
Publication date: 1999
Estradiol-delivering vaginal rings for hormone replacement therapy (abstract) (HTML)
Nash,Harold A.; Alvarez-Sanchez,Francisco; Mishell,Daniel R.,Jr.; Fraser,Ian S.; Maruo,Takeshi; Harmon,Troy M.
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 181(6): 1400-1406
Publication date: 1999
Norplant® implants and progesterone vaginal rings do not affect maternal bone turnover and density during lactation and after weaning (abstract) (PDF)
Diaz,Soledad; Reyes,M.V.; Zepeda,Ana; Gonzalez,G.B.; Lopez,J.M.; Campino,C.; Croxatto,Horacio B.
Human Reproduction 14(10): 2499-2505
Publication date: 1999
Preregistration study on the safety and contraceptive efficacy of a progesterone-releasing vaginal ring in Chilean nursing women (abstract) (HTML)
Massai,Rebeca; Miranda,Patricia; Valdes,P; Lavin,P.; Zepeda,Ana; Casado,M.E.; Silva,M.A.; Fetis,G.; Bravo,C.; Chandia,O.; Peralta,O.; Croxatto,Horacio B.; Diaz,Soledad
Contraception 60(1): 9-14
Publication date: 1999
Levonorgestrel capsule implants in the United States: A 5-year study (abstract) (HTML)
Sivin,Irving; Mishell,Daniel R.,Jr.; Darney,Philip; Wan,Livia; Christ,M.
Obstetrics and Gynecology 92: 337-344
Publication date: 1998
Levonorgestrel-releasing implants: Norplant® capsules and LNG rod (Jadelle) implants
Sivin,Irving; Teichmann,Alexander T.; Corbin,Alan
from Levonorgestrel, pp. 165-175
Publication date: 1998
Norplant® Consensus Statement and background review (HTML)
Fraser,Ian S.; Tiitinen,Aila; Affandi,Biran; Brache,Vivian; Croxatto,Horacio B.; Diaz,Soledad; Ginsburg,Jean; Gu Sujuan; Holma,Pentti; Johansson,Elof D.B.; Meirik,Olav; Mishell,Daniel R.,Jr.; Nash,Harold A.; von Schoultz,B; Sivin,Irving
Contraception 57(1): 1-9
Publication date: 1998
Potential benefits in developing countries through use of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (HTML)
Sivin,Irving
Gynaecology Forum 3(3): 23-25
Publication date: 1998
Contraceptive update
Segal,Sheldon J.
New York University Review of Law and Social Change 23(3): 457-469
Publication date: 1997
Fertility regulation in nursing women: IX. Contraceptive performance, duration of lactation, infant growth, and bleeding patterns during use of progesterone vaginal rings, progestin-only pills, Norplant implants, and Copper T 380-A intrauterine devices (abstract) (HTML)
Diaz,Soledad; Zepeda,Ana; Maturana,X.; Reyes,M.V.; Miranda,Patricia; Casado,M.E.; Peralta,O.; Croxatto,Horacio B.
Contraception 56(4): 223-232
Publication date: 1997
Introduction
Segal,Sheldon J.
New York University Review of Law and Social Change 23(3): 329-337
Publication date: 1997
IUD mechanisms of action
Croxatto,Horacio B.; Ortiz,Maria Elena; Valdez,Enrique; Bardin,C.Wayne; Mishell,Daniel R.,Jr.
from Proceedings from the Fourth International Conference on IUDs, pp. 44-62
Publication date: 1994
The Copper T 380 IUD
Schmidt,Frederick H.; Sivin,Irving; Waldman,Sandra N.; Bardin,C.Wayne; Mishell,Daniel R.,Jr.
from Proceedings from the Fourth International Conference on IUDs, pp. 298-307
Publication date: 1994
Contraception in lactating women (abstract) (HTML)
Diaz,Soledad; Croxatto,Horacio B.
Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology 5(6): 815-822
Publication date: 1993
Progesterone vaginal rings for contraception during breastfeeding
Croxatto,Horacio B.; Diaz,Soledad; Runnebaum,B.; Rabe,T.; Kiesel,L.
from Advances in Gynecological and Obstetric Research Series: Vol. 2: Female Contraception and Male Fertility Regulation (1st ed.), pp. 135-142
Publication date: 1991
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