Male and female sex workers are at increased risk of HIV infection because of multiple sexual contacts and high-risk sexual activity. The criminalization of sex work in general, combined with stigma and discrimination, often leaves this population without proper access to health and prevention services. In many countries, particularly in Africa, the existence of male sex workers is denied or ignored. Further, these groups may serve as bridges between populations for HIV transmission.
Population Council focus
Population Council researchers have examined a variety of issues critical to understanding and reducing the HIV risk of sex workers in Brazil and Paraguay, India, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, and South Africa. This research includes collecting data on sexual risk knowledge and behaviors, condom and lubricant use, peer and client networks, mobility patterns, stigma and discrimination, HIV/STI prevalence, and health-seeking behaviors and experiences. Council research has included groundbreaking population-based estimates of the number of male sex workers in African cities using the capture-recapture enumeration method.
Population Council impact
- A Council intervention involving peer education for male sex workers led to increases in consistent condom use among participants in Mombasa, Kenya.
- Council enumeration of male sex workers in African cities has been disseminated to governments to debunk the myth that these groups do not exist and to advocate for health services for this population.
- Council efforts to educate health providers in Mali and Senegal about the need for access to health care for male sex workers led to the creation of friendly health care services for men who have sex with men.
- Participatory research on female sex workers in India highlighted the need for using services for the prevention of parent-to-child transmission of HIV/AIDS as an entry point for providing sexual and reproductive health services to this population.
Future directions
The Council is developing standard tools of the methodology for mapping male sex workers and other most-at-risk populations for wider dissemination. Council researchers are also partnering with UNAIDS to address the HIV prevention needs of women whose husbands are involved in transactional sex. In India, the Council is investigating sex workers’ willingness to participate in microbicide clinical trials, and is developing and testing methods to improve the reporting of sensitive behaviors such as sexual practices.
Projects
A Simulated Clinical Trial to Explore Willingness to Participate and Methods for Improving Reporting of Adherence Among a Sex-worker Cohort in Nellore, India (more)
A simulated microbicides clinical study is being conducted in India to develop and test strategies for improving recruitment, adherence, and the reporting of adherence for future microbicides clinical trials.
(1/2008 - ongoing)
India
Documenting Avahan, the India AIDS Initiative (more)
The Population Council is synthesizing and analyzing the wealth of data collected by Avahan to gain insight that will guide future initiatives for HIV prevention in India and other countries with similar concentrated epidemics.
(1/2009 - 1/2014)
India
Biological and Behavioral Surveillance of Most-at-risk Populations in Kenya (more)
In collaboration with the Kenyan government and partners, Council researchers are implementing the first HIV biological and behavioral surveillance surveys to facilitate, inform, and evaluate the impact of HIV preventive interventions for most-at-risk populations (men who have sex with men, sex workers, and injecting drug users).
(7/2010 - 2/2012)
Kenya
Assessing the Patterns and Drivers of Migration/Mobility of Sex Workers and Male Workers and Examining the Links with HIV Risk (more)
Council research is describing the volume and patterns of migration and mobility of vulnerable populations, examining the links between migration/mobility and HIV risk, and assessing the underlying and proximate determinants of HIV risk.
(12/2005 - 12/2008)
India
Reducing HIV Risk Behavior Among Key Populations by Strengthening Programs Through Community Involvement (more)
Council researchers explored issues of social capital, stigma and discrimination, HIV knowledge and behaviors, self-esteem, and service delivery among three key populations (female sex workers, men who have sex with men, and people living with HIV) in Andhra Pradesh, India, before and after exposure to interventions designed to empower them to practice HIV prevention behaviors.
(7/2003 - 7/2007)
India
Reducing HIV/STI Risk and Improving Treatment for Male Sex Workers in Mombasa, Kenya (more)
The Council’s Horizons program conducted an intervention study in Mombasa, Kenya, to meet male sex workers’ health needs and promote behavior change among this population.
(1/2006 - 7/2007)
Kenya
Assessment of the Risk Factors for HIV Infection in Vulnerable Populations in Ciudad del Este, Paraguay (more)
Council researchers with the Horizons program conducted an operations research study to estimate HIV and syphilis seroprevalence and determine contextual and behavioral factors that increase syphilis and HIV vulnerability among male and female sex workers and men who have sex with men in Ciudad del Este, Paraguay.
(7/2005 - 6/2007)
Paraguay
Improving the Quality of STI/HIV/AIDS Prevention and STI Testing and Treatment in Commercial Sex Workers at the Brazil/Bolivia Frontier in Corumbá, Brazil (more)
From 2003 to 2005, the Population Council designed and evaluated a joint clinical and social intervention to decrease incident sexually transmitted infections and encourage adoption of condom use among female, male, and transvestite sex workers in Corumbá, Brazil.
(9/2002 - 6/2006)
Brazil
Resources
"Addressing HIV among the most at-risk populations," fact sheet (PDF)
Population Council
Publication date: 2012
"The Population Council's HIV and AIDS program," fact sheet (PDF)
Population Council
Publication date: 2012
Anal sex and associated HIV-related sexual risk factors among female sex workers in Andhra Pradesh, India (abstract) (HTML)
Patra,Rajesh Kumar; Mahapatra,Bidhubhusan; Kovvali,Dolly; Proddutoor,Laxminarayana; Saggurti,Niranjan
Sexual Health 9: 430-437
Publication date: 2012
Biological and behavioural surveillance for most at-risk populations in Kenya (PDF)
from Most-at-Risk Populations: Unveiling New Evidence for Accelerated Programming, pp. 1-5
Publication date: 2012
Changing epidemiology of HIV in Mumbai: An application of the Asian epidemic model (abstract) (PDF)
Mishra,Ram Manohar; Dube,Madhulika; Sahu,Damodar; Saggurti,Niranjan; Pandey,Arvind
Global Journal of Health Science 4(5): 100-112
Publication date: 2012
Characteristics of female sex workers in southern India willing and unwilling to participate in a placebo gel trial (abstract) (PDF)
Mensch,Barbara S.; Friedland,Barbara A.; Abbott,Sharon; Katzen,Lauren L.; Tun,Waimar; Kelly,Clifton A.; Sarna,Avina; Srikrishnan,Aylur K.; Solomon,Suniti
AIDS and Behavior Published online ahead of print, 21 August
Publication date: 2012
Community advocacy groups as a means to address the social environment of female sex workers: A case study in Andhra Pradesh, India (abstract) (PDF)
Punyam,Swarup; Pullikalu,Renuka Somanatha; Mishra,Ram Manohar; Sandri,Prashanth; Mutupuru,Balakrishna Prasad; Kokku,Suresh Babu; Parimi,Prabhakar
Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 66(suppl 2): ii87-ii94
Publication date: 2012
Council research offers insights into meeting the health needs of vulnerable female sex workers (PDF)
Population Briefs 18(1)
Publication date: 2012
Heading towards the Safer Highways: An assessment of the Avahan prevention programme among long distance truck drivers in India (abstract) (HTML)
Pandey,Arvind; Mishra,Ram Manohar; Sahu,Damodar; Benara,Sudhir K.; Sengupta,Uttpal; Paranjape,Ramesh S.; Abhishek,Gautam; Lenka,Satya R.; Adhikary,Rajatshurva
BMC Public Health 11(suppl 6): S15-
Publication date: 2012
HIV risk behaviors among female sex workers using cell phone for client solicitation in India (abstract) (HTML)
Mahapatra,Bidhubhusan; Saggurti,Niranjan; Halli,Shiva S.; Jain,Anrudh K.
Journal of AIDS & Clinical Research S1: 014-
Publication date: 2012
How effective is community mobilisation in HIV prevention among highly diverse sex workers in urban settings? The Aastha intervention experience in Mumbai and Thane districts, India (abstract) (PDF)
Singh Gaikwad,Sanjeev; Bhende,Amrita; Nidhi,Gaurav; Saggurti,Niranjan; Ranebennur,Virupax
Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 66(suppl 2): ii69-ii77
Publication date: 2012
Impact of an HIV prevention intervention on condom use among long distance truckers in India (abstract) (HTML)
Jenja,Sachin; Tirumalasetti,Vasudha Rao; Mishra,Ram Manohar; Sethu,Shekhar; Singh,Indra Ramayash
AIDS and Behavior Published online ahead of print, 25 September
Publication date: 2012
Indicators of mobility, socio-economic vulnerabilities and HIV risk behaviours among mobile female sex workers in India (abstract)
Saggurti,Niranjan; Jain,Anrudh K.; Sebastian,Mary Philip; Singh,Rajendra; Reddy Modugu,Hanimi; Halli,Shiva S.; Verma,Ravi K.
AIDS and Behavior 16(4): 952-959
Publication date: 2012
Mobilising community collectivisation among female sex workers to promote STI service utilisation from the government healthcare system in Andhra Pradesh, India (abstract) (PDF)
Parimi,Prabhakar; Mishra,Ram Manohar; Tucker,Saroj; Saggurti,Niranjan
Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 66(suppl 2): ii62-ii68
Publication date: 2012
Navigating the swampy lowland: A framework for evaluating the effect of community mobilisation in female sex workers in Avahan, the India AIDS Initiative (abstract) (PDF)
Galavotti,Christine; Wheeler,Tisha; Sebert Kuhlmann,Anne; Saggurti,Niranjan; Narayanan,Pradeep; Kiran,Usha; Dallabetta,Gina
Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 66(suppl 2): ii9-ii15
Publication date: 2012
Prevalence and correlates of non-disclosure of HIV serostatus to sex partners among HIV-infected female sex workers and HIV-infected male clients of female sex workers in India (abstract) (PDF)
Saggurti,Niranjan; Raj,Anita; Mahapatra,Bidhubhusan; Cheng,Debbie M.; Coleman,Sharon; Bridden,Carly; Battala,Madhusudana; Silverman,Jay G.; Pardeshi,Manoj; Samet,Jeffrey H.
AIDS and Behavior Published online ahead of print, 19 July
Publication date: 2012
Relationship between mobility, violence and HIV/STI among female sex workers in Andhra Pradesh, India (abstract) (PDF) (HTML)
Ramesh,Sowmya; Ganju,Deepika; Mahapatra,Bidhubhusan; Mishra,Ram Manohar; Saggurti,Niranjan
BMC Public Health 12: 764-
Publication date: 2012
Sexual risk behaviors and HIV among female sex workers in Nigeria (abstract)
Eluwa,George I.; Strathdee,Stephanie A.; Adebajo,Sylvia; Ahonsi,Babatunde; Azeez,Aderemi; Anyanti,Jennifer
Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 61(4): 507-514
Publication date: 2012
The extent and nature of fluidity in typologies of female sex work in southern India: Implications for HIV prevention programs (abstract) (HTML)
Jain,Anrudh K.; Saggurti,Niranjan
Journal of HIV/AIDS & Social Services 11(2): 169-191
Publication date: 2012
The impact of peer outreach on HIV knowledge and prevention behaviours of male sex workers in Mombasa, Kenya (abstract)
Geibel,Scott; King'ola,Nzioki; Temmerman,Marleen; Luchters,Stanley
Sexually Transmitted Infections 88(5): 357-362
Publication date: 2012
Understanding out-migration among female sex workers in South India (abstract)
Banandur,Pradeep; Ramanaik,Satyanarayana; Manhart,Lisa E.; Buzdugan,Raluca; Mahapatra,Bidhubhusan; Isac,Shajy; Halli,Shiva S.; Washington,Reynold G.; Moses,Stephen; Blanchard,James F.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases 39(10): 776-783
Publication date: 2012
Using capture-recapture methodology for enumerating most-at-risk populations (MARPs) (PDF)
Population Council
Publication date: 2012
Experience of violence and adverse reproductive health outcomes, HIV risks among mobile female sex workers in India (abstract) (PDF)
Swain,Suvakanta N.; Saggurti,Niranjan; Battala,Madhusudana; Verma,Ravi K.; Jain,Anrudh K.
BMC Public Heath 11: 357-
Publication date: 2011
Harsh realities: Reasons for women's involvement in sex work in India (abstract) (PDF)
Saggurti,Niranjan; Sabarwal,Shagun; Verma,Ravi K.; Halli,Shiva S.; Jain,Anrudh K.
Journal of AIDS and HIV Research 3(9): 172-179
Publication date: 2011
HIV integrated biological and behavioural surveillance survey (IBBSS) 2010 (PDF)
Federal Ministry of Health
Publication date: 2011
Male migration and risky sexual behavior in rural India: is the place of origin critical for HIV prevention programs? (abstract) (HTML)
Saggurti,Niranjan; Mahapatra,Bidhubhusan; Swain,Suvakanta N.; Jain,Anrudh K.
BMC Public Health 11(suppl 6): S6-
Publication date: 2011
Motivations for entry into sex work and HIV risk among mobile female sex workers in India (abstract)
Saggurti,Niranjan; Verma,Ravi K.; Halli,Shiva S.; Swain,Suvakanta N.; Singh,Rajendra; Reddy Modugu,Hanimi; RamaRao,Saumya; Mahapatra,Bidhubhusan; Jain,Anrudh K.
Journal of Biosocial Science 43(5): 535-554
Publication date: 2011
Relationship between reported prior condom use and current self-perceived risk of acquiring HIV among mobile female sex workers in southern India (abstract) (HTML)
Jain,Anrudh K.; Saggurti,Niranjan; Mahapatra,Bidhubhusan; Sebastian,Mary Philip; Modugu,Hanimi R.; Halli,Shiva S.; Verma,Ravi K.
BMC Public Health 11(suppl 6): S5-
Publication date: 2011
Sex trafficking and initiation-related violence, alcohol use, and HIV risk among HIV-infected female sex workers in Mumbai, India (abstract)
Silverman,Jay G.; Raj,Anita; Cheng,Debbie M.; Decker,Michele R.; Coleman,Sharon; Bridden,Carly; Pardeshi,Manoj; Saggurti,Niranjan; Samet,Jeffrey H.
Journal of Infectious Diseases 204(suppl 5): S1229-S1234
Publication date: 2011
Transactional sex risk and STI among HIV-infected female sex workers and HIV-infected male clients of FSWs in India (abstract)
Raj,Anita; Saggurti,Niranjan; Cheng,Debbie M.; Dasgupta,Anindita; Bridden,Carly; Pardeshi,Manoj; Samet,Jeffrey H.
AIDS Care 23(11): 1374-1381
Publication date: 2011
Alcohol and sexual risk behavior among migrant female sex workers and male workers in districts with high in-migration from four high HIV prevalence states in India (abstract)
Verma,Ravi K.; Saggurti,Niranjan; Singh,Ajay Kumar; Swain,Suvakanta N.
AIDS and Behavior 14(suppl 1): 31-39
Publication date: 2010
Alcohol use and sex risk behaviors among HIV-infected female sex workers (FSWs) and HIV-infected male clients of FSWs in India (abstract)
Samet,Jeffrey H.; Pace,Christine A.; Cheng,Debbie M.; Coleman,Sharon; Bridden,Carly; Pardeshi,Manoj; Saggurti,Niranjan; Raj,Anita
AIDS and Behavior 14(suppl 1): 74-83
Publication date: 2010
High-risk sex among mobile female sex workers in the context of jatras (religious festivals) in Karnataka, India (abstract)
Halli,Shiva S.; Buzdugan,Raluca; Moses,Stephen; Blanchard,James; Jain,Anrudh K.; Verma,Ravi K.; Saggurti,Niranjan
International Journal of STD and AIDS 21(11): 746-751
Publication date: 2010
Inverse probability weighting in STI/HIV prevention research: Methods for evaluating social and community interventions (abstract)
Lippman,Sheri A.; Shade,Starley B.; Hubbard,Alan E.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases 37(8): 512-518
Publication date: 2010
'She's a professional like anyone else': Social identity among Brazilian sex workers (abstract)
Murray,Laura R.; Lippman,Sheri A.; Donini,Angela; Kerrigan,Deanna
Culture, Health and Sexuality 12(3): 293-306
Publication date: 2010
Social-environmental factors and protective sexual behavior among sex workers: The Encontros intervention in Brazil (abstract)
Lippman,Sheri A.; Donini,Angela; Diaz,Juan; Chinaglia,Magda; Reingold,Arthur; Kerrigan,Deanna
American Journal of Public Health 100(S1): S216-S223
Publication date: 2010
Acceptability and use of the female condom and diaphragm among sex workers in Dominican Republic: Results from a prospective study (abstract) (PDF)
Lara,Diana K.; Grossman,Daniel; Munoz,Jhoanne; Rosario,Santo; Gomez,Bayardo; Garcia,Sandra G.
AIDS Education and Prevention 21(6): 538-551
Publication date: 2009
Commercial sex workers in five Ethiopian cities: A baseline survey for USAID Targeted HIV Prevention Program for most-at-risk populations (PDF)
Girma,Woldemariam; Erulkar,Annabel S.
Report
Publication date: 2009
Social context, sexual risk perceptions and stigma: HIV vulnerability among male sex workers in Mombasa, Kenya (abstract)
Okal,Jerry; Luchters,Stanley; Geibel,Scott; Chersich,Matthew F.; Lango,Daniel; Temmerman,Marleen
Culture, Health and Sexuality 11(8): 811-826
Publication date: 2009
Assessment of risk factors for HIV infection in female sex workers and men who have sex with men in Ciudad del Este, Paraguay (PDF)
Chinaglia,Magda; Tun,Waimar; Mello,Maeve; Insfran,Magdalena; Diaz,Juan
Horizons Final Report
Publication date: 2008
Community development and HIV/STI-related vulnerability among female sex workers in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (abstract)
Kerrigan,Deanna; Telles,Paulo; Torres,Helena; Overs,Cheryl; Castle,Christopher
Health Education Research 23(1): 137-145
Publication date: 2008
Factors associated with self-reported unprotected anal sex among male sex workers in Mombasa, Kenya (abstract)
Geibel,Scott; Luchters,Stanley; King'ola,Nzioki; Esu-Williams,Eka; Rinyiru,Agnes; Tun,Waimar
Sexually Transmitted Diseases 35(8): 746-752
Publication date: 2008
Patterns of migration/mobility and HIV risk among female sex workers: Andhra Pradesh 2007-08 (PDF)
Saggurti,Niranjan; Verma,Ravi K.; Reddy Modugu,Hanimi; RamaRao,Saumya; Singh,Ajay Kumar; Mahendra,Vaishali Sharma; Jain,Anrudh K.
Publication date: 2008
Patterns of migration/mobility and HIV risk among female sex workers: Karnataka 2007-08 (PDF)
Halli,Shiva S.; Buzdugan,Raluca; Verma,Ravi K.; Moses,Stephen; Blanchard,James; Jain,Anrudh K.; RamaRao,Saumya; Swain,Suvakanta N.; Saggurti,Niranjan
Publication date: 2008
Patterns of migration/mobility and HIV risk among female sex workers: Maharashtra 2007-08 (PDF)
Saggurti,Niranjan; Mahendra,Vaishali Sharma; Singh,Rajendra; RamaRao,Saumya; Swain,Suvakanta N.; Singh,Ajay Kumar; Jain,Anrudh K.; Verma,Ravi K.
Publication date: 2008
Patterns of migration/mobility and HIV risk among female sex workers: Tamil Nadu 2007-08 (PDF)
Saggurti,Niranjan; Verma,Ravi K.; Swain,Suvakanta N.; Reddy Modugu,Hanimi; Singh,Ajay Kumar; RamaRao,Saumya; Jain,Anrudh K.
Publication date: 2008
Sexual risk behaviours and HIV seroprevalence among male sex workers who have sex with men and non-sex workers in Campinas, Brazil (abstract)
Tun,Waimar; de Mello,Maeve; Pinho,Adriana A.; Chinaglia,Magda; Diaz,Juan
Sexually Transmitted Infections 84(6): 455-457
Publication date: 2008
Identifying areas for linkages between HIV and SRH for vulnerable populations: An exploratory study to assess female sex workers' sexual and reproductive health needs (PDF)
Mahendra,Vaishali Sharma; Mehrotra,Sushma; Srikanthi,B.; Panda,Sucheta; Sarna,Avina; Jayasree,A.K.; Prasad,Rajendra; Rutenberg,Naomi
Update, (April)
Publication date: 2007
Cost-effectiveness of environmental-structural communication interventions for HIV prevention in the female sex industry in the Dominican Republic (abstract)
Sweat,Michael D.; Kerrigan,Deanna; Moreno,Luis; Rosario,Santo; Gomez,Bayardo; Jerez,Hector; Weiss,Ellen; Barrington,Clare
Journal of Health Communication 11(suppl 2): 123-142
Publication date: 2006
Environmental-structural interventions to reduce HIV/STI risk among female sex workers in the Dominican Republic (abstract)
Kerrigan,Deanna; Moreno,Luis; Rosario,Santo; Gomez,Bayardo; Jerez,Hector; Barrington,Clare; Weiss,Ellen; Sweat,Michael D.
American Journal of Public Health 96(1): 120-125
Publication date: 2006
Government policy and community involvement reduce HIV risk among sex workers
Kerrigan,Deanna; Moreno,Luis; Rosario,Santo; Gomez,Bayardo; Jerez,Hector; Barrington,Clare
Publication date: 2006
'No party hat, no party': Successful condom use in sex work in Mexico and the Dominican Republic (abstract)
Garcia,Sandra G.; Yam,Eileen A.; Firestone,Michelle
Reproductive Health Matters 14(28): 53-62
Publication date: 2006
Stigma, discrimination and violence against female sex workers and men who have sex with men in Andhra Pradesh, India (PDF)
Samuels,Fiona; Verma,Ravi K.; George,C.K.; van der Kwaak,Anke; Wegelin-Schuringa,Madeleen; Cummings,Sarah; van Dam,Henk; Valk,Minke
Gender, Society & Development book series, pp. 95-109
Publication date: 2006
How does a risk group perceive risk: Voices of Vietnamese sex workers in Cambodia (abstract)
Busza,Joanna
Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality 17(1/2): 65-82
Publication date: 2005
'Projonon shastho shomporke janun poribar choto rakhun jownorog protirodh korun' [Know about reproductive health and keep family small, and prevent from getting STIs and HIV/AIDS] -- Flipchart for educating rickshaw pullers
Bhuiya,Ismat; Altaf,Syed Asif; Naznin,Nina; Zahiduzzaman,K.M.
Publication date: 2005
Reducing the transmission of HIV and sexually transmitted infections in a mining community: Findings from the Carletonville Mothusimpilo intervention project: 1998 to 2001 (PDF)
Ndhlovu,Lewis; Searle,Catherine; van Dam,C.Johannes; Mzaidume,Yodwa; Rasego,Bareng; Moema,Solly
Horizons Final Report
Publication date: 2005
Combining community approaches and government policy to reduce HIV risk in the Dominican Republic (PDF)
Kerrigan,Deanna; Moreno,Luis; Gomez,Bayardo; Jerez,Hector; Weiss,Ellen; van Dam,C.Johannes; Roca,Eva; Barrington,Clare; Sweat,Michael D.
Horizons Final Report
Publication date: 2004
Community approaches and government policy reduce HIV risk in the Dominican Republic (PDF)
Kerrigan,Deanna; Moreno,Luis; Gomez,Bayardo; Jerez,Hector; Weiss,Ellen; van Dam,C.Johannes; Roca,Eva; Barrington,Clare; Sweat,Michael D.
Horizons Research Summary
Publication date: 2004
Protection and participation: An interactive programme introducing the female condom to migrant sex workers in Cambodia (abstract)
Busza,Joanna; Baker,Simon
AIDS Care 16(4): 507-518
Publication date: 2004
Changing patterns of knowledge, reported behaviour and sexually transmitted infections in a South African gold mining community (abstract)
Williams,Brian G.; Taljaard,Dirk; Campbell,Catherine; Gouws,Eleanor; Ndhlovu,Lewis; van Dam,C.Johannes; Carael,Michel; Auvert,Bertran
AIDS 17(14): 2099-2107
Publication date: 2003
Environmental-structural factors significantly associated with consistent condom use among female sex workers in the Dominican Republic (abstract) (HTML)
Kerrigan,Deanna; Ellen,Jonathan M.; Moreno,Luis; Rosario,Santo; Katz,Joanne; Celentano,David D.; Sweat,Michael D.
AIDS 17(3): 415-423
Publication date: 2003
Evidence-based treatment guidelines for sexually transmitted infections developed with and for female sex workers (abstract)
Behets,Frieda M.T.F.; Rasolofomana,Justin Ranjalahy; van Damme,Kathleen; Vaovola,Georgine; Andriamiadana,Jocelyne; Ranaivo,Adeline; McClamroch,Kristi; Dallabetta,Gina; van Dam,C.Johannes; Rasamilalao,Desire; Rasamindra,Andry; Mad-STI Working Group
Tropical Medicine and International Health 8(3): 251-258
Publication date: 2003
From trafficking to sex worker: Burmese migrants in Thailand
Boonmongkon,Pimpawum; Guest,Philip; Marddent,Amporn; Sanders,Steve; Darwin,Muhadjir; Wattie,Anna Marie; Yuarsi,Susi Eja
from Living on the Edges: Cross-Border Mobility and Sexual Exploitation in the Greater Southeast Asia Sub-Region, pp. 163-232
Publication date: 2003
Estimating the cost and effectiveness of different STI management strategies for sex workers in Madagascar (PDF)
Horizons Research Summary
Publication date: 2002
Acceptability of the female condom after a social marketing campaign in Campinas, Brazil (PDF)
Horizons Research Summary
Publication date: 2001
Adapting the Thai 100% condom programme: Developing a culturally appropriate model for the Dominican Republic (abstract)
Kerrigan,Deanna; Moreno,Luis; Rosario,Santo; Sweat,Michael D.
Culture, Health and Sexuality 3(2): 221-240
Publication date: 2001
Constraints faced by sex workers in use of female and male condoms for safer sex in urban Zimbabwe (abstract)
Ray,Sunanda; van de Wijgert,Janneke; Mason,Peter R.; Ndowa,Francis; Maposhere,Caroline
Journal of Urban Health 78(4): 581-592
Publication date: 2001
The natural history of HIV/AIDS in a major goldmining centre in South Africa: Results of a biomedical and social survey (abstract)
Gilgen,D.; Williams,Brian G.; MacPhail,Catherine; van Dam,C.Johannes; Campbell,Catherine; Ballard,Ron; Taljaard,Dirk
South African Journal of Science 97(9/10): 387-392
Publication date: 2001
Access to reproductive health services of sex workers in Ho Chi Minh City
South & East Asia Research Report (no. 7)
Publication date: 1997
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