Formal schools are the primary setting in which most young people acquire the productive skills needed for adulthood. In addition, school is the most important institution outside the family involved in socializing young people into all dimensions of adult roles and responsibilities. More years of schooling have been associated with many positive outcomes, including later ages of marriage, lower fertility, and healthier and better-educated children. Much less is known about the implications of variations in the quality of schooling for various reproductive outcomes.
Population Council focus
Council research on schooling explores factors affecting enrollment and retention decisions, in particular school access and various aspects of school quality. A particular focus is gender differences in schooling experiences, including teacher attitudes about the capabilities of boys and girls and differential classroom dynamics. Council research also has explored aspects of schooling, including the implementation and quality of life-skills programs, that may be associated with later sexual initiation and more responsible sexual behavior.
Population Council impact
- New Lessons: The Power of Educating Adolescent Girls (PDF), a 2009 publication by Council consulting senior associate Cynthia B. Lloyd, makes the case for the transformational power of educating adolescent girls and points to the paucity of research on the myriad of nonformal educational programs.
- In rural Malawi, a longitudinal survey of adolescents is providing unprecedented data on the sequence and timing of transitions to adulthood, with particular emphasis on the role that schooling plays in adolescent lives.
- In rural Upper Egypt, the Ishraq (“Sunrise”) program reaches out-of-school girls through an intensive program of literacy and life skills, reproductive health, civic engagement, livelihood information, and—unprecedented in Egypt—sports. Ninety-two percent of the girls who completed the pilot program and took the government literacy exam passed, enabling them to re-enter the formal school system.
Future directions
The Council will draw on in-depth data on school quality coupled with comprehensive longitudinal data on adolescents and their HIV risk and status to elucidate the relationships between schools, educational outcomes, and HIV among young people.
Projects
Abriendo Oportunidades: Creating Opportunities for Mayan Girls and Young Women (more)
This national program is providing the most vulnerable indigenous Mayan girls and young women in Guatemala with personal and professional development skills, mentorship, and leadership opportunities.
(6/2002 - ongoing)
Guatemala
Developing Capacity for Targeted, Evidence-based Programming and Asset Building for Adolescent Girls (more)
The Council is helping to build the capacity of NGOs, UN country teams, and government agencies to develop effective health, social, and economic asset-building programs for adolescent girls.
(1/2008 - ongoing)
Global, Kenya, Liberia
Ishraq: Bringing Marginalized Rural Girls into Safe Learning Spaces in Upper Egypt (more)
Launched in 2001, Ishraq, which means “sunrise” in Arabic, seeks to improve the educational, health, and social opportunities for vulnerable girls in rural Upper Egypt.
(1/2001 - ongoing)
Egypt
Survey of Young People in Egypt (more)
Council researchers conducted a nationally representative survey covering 15,000 young people in Egypt aged 10–29 to update the state of knowledge on youth and adolescents in Egypt on issues of health, education, employment, family formation, and civic participation.
(3/2008 - ongoing)
Egypt
Adolescent Girls Empowerment Program (more)
The Council is developing solutions for vulnerable adolescent girls in Zambia, who need tools to help them avoid early marriage, STIs and HIV, and unwanted pregnancy.
(11/2011 - 10/2017)
Zambia
Berhane Hewan: Supporting Girls in Rural Ethiopia (more)
The goal of Berhane Hewan, which means "Light for Eve" in Amharic, is to establish appropriate and effective mechanisms to protect girls at risk of early marriage and to support adolescent girls who are already married.
(9/2002 - 10/2015)
Ethiopia
Malawi Schooling and Adolescent Study (more)
This six-round longitudinal study aims to identify critical aspects of school quality that put adolescents who face the dual challenges of poverty and HIV/AIDS on a safer, healthier, and more productive path to adulthood. Our research seeks to uncover those aspects of schooling that will lead to more protective behaviors and lower HIV risk among young men and women.
(1/2007 - 4/2015)
Malawi
Adolescent Safe Spaces, Health, and Skills for Adulthood in Urban Ghana (more)
This safe spaces program provides 12–15-year-old urban adolescent females in Ghana with social, economic, and health assets.
(1/2009 - 3/2011)
Ghana
Ethiopia Youth and Gender Survey
The Ethiopia Youth and Gender Survey was a study of adolescents and women in urban and rural areas of seven regions of Ethiopia. The sample included nearly 20,000 respondents and contributes to greater understanding of the situation of youth and women in the country.
(5/2009 - 11/2010)
Ethiopia
Promoting Financial Education Through Mentoring Relationships (more)
Council researchers have been testing a new personal financial education curriculum through mentoring relationships against a more conventional teaching method for adolescents in Bangladesh.
(9/2009 - 9/2010)
Bangladesh
Kenya Adolescent Girls' Brain Trust (more)
The Kenya Adolescent Girls' Learning Network brings together adolescent girls' program providers and experts to share learning, develop program guidelines, and strengthen programming for adolescent girls in Kenya’s urban areas.
(6/2007 - 5/2010)
Kenya
Building Programs for Adolescents in Kibera, Nairobi (more)
Council researchers are broadening understanding of the adolescent experience in slum areas of Nairobi, Kenya, and developing context-appropriate programs for them.
(6/2006 - 5/2009)
Kenya
Evaluation of the Punjab Female School Stipend Program (more)
Council researchers evaluated the effect of stipends on school enrollment in Punjab.
(9/2006 - 6/2007)
Pakistan
Assessing Equality of Access to Education in Egypt (more)
Council researchers studied equality of access to schooling in Egypt.
(10/2006 - 5/2007)
Egypt
Resources
Challenges in measuring the sequencing of life events among adolescents in Malawi: A cautionary note
Mensch,Barbara S.; Soler-Hampejsek,Erica; Kelly,Christine A.; Hewett,Paul C.; Grant,Monica J.
Demography (In press)
Publication date: 2013
Menstruation and school absenteeism: Evidence from rural Malawi (abstract) (HTML)
Grant,Monica J.; Lloyd,Cynthia B.; Mensch,Barbara S.
Comparative Education Review 57(2): 260-284
Publication date: 2013
Social desirability bias in sexual behavior reporting: Evidence from an interview mode experiment in rural Malawi (abstract) (HTML)
Kelly,Christine A.; Soler-Hampejsek,Erica; Mensch,Barbara S.; Hewett,Paul C.
International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 39(1): 14-21
Publication date: 2013
The effect of school status and academic skills on the reporting of premarital sexual behavior: Evidence from a longitudinal study in rural Malawi (abstract) (HTML)
Soler-Hampejsek,Erica; Grant,Monica J.; Mensch,Barbara S.; Hewett,Paul C.; Rankin,Johanna
Journal of Adolescent Health 53(2): 228-234
Publication date: 2013
"HIV among youth," fact sheet (PDF)
Population Council
Publication date: 2012
Berhane Hewan ('Light for Eve'): Increasing opportunities to delay marriage and promote schooling (PDF)
Erulkar,Annabel S.; Muthengi,Eunice
Policy brief
Publication date: 2012
Challenges facing the Egyptian education system: Access, quality, and inequality (PDF)
Krafft,Caroline
Survey of Young People in Egypt Policy Brief (no. 2)
Publication date: 2012
Challenges facing the Egyptian education system: Access, quality, and inequality [Arabic] (PDF)
Krafft,Caroline
Survey of Young People in Egypt Policy Brief (no. 2)
Publication date: 2012
De la recherche à la conception programmatique et à la mise en oeuvre : Programmation à l'intention des filles des milieux ruraux d'Éthiopie--Boîte à outils du praticien (PDF)
Erulkar,Annabel S.
Publication date: 2012
Ensuring education benefits girls to the full: Synergies between education, gender equality, HIV and sexual and reproductive health (PDF)
Haberland,Nicole
from Booklet 7: Gender Equality, HIV and Education. Good Policy and Practice in HIV and Health Education (booklet series), pp. 17-23
Publication date: 2012
Female disadvantage in the Egyptian labor market: A youth perspective (PDF)
Sieverding,Maia
Survey of Young People in Egypt Policy Brief (no. 4)
Publication date: 2012
Female disadvantage in the Egyptian labor market: A youth perspective [Arabic] (PDF)
Sieverding,Maia
Survey of Young People in Egypt Policy Brief (no. 4)
Publication date: 2012
Improving education (PDF)
Momentum, May
Publication date: 2012
Increasing opportunities to delay marriage and promote schooling: Results from a baseline survey in rural Tanzania (PDF)
Muthengi,Eunice; Erulkar,Annabel S.
Publication date: 2012
Is early childhood care and education a good investment for Egypt? Estimates of educational impacts, costs, and benefits (PDF)
Krafft,Caroline
Survey of Young People in Egypt Policy Brief (no. 3)
Publication date: 2012
Is early childhood care and education a good investment for Egypt? Estimates of educational impacts, costs, and benefits [Arabic] (PDF)
Krafft,Caroline
Survey of Young People in Egypt Policy Brief (no. 3)
Publication date: 2012
Is mobility the missing link in improving girls' schooling in Pakistan? (abstract) (HTML)
Callum,Christine; Sathar,Zeba A.; ul Haque,Minhaj
Asian Population Studies 8(1): 5-22
Publication date: 2012
Positive action for HIV in schools in Kenya (PDF)
Obare,Francis; Birungi,Harriet; Wanjiru,Monica; Bayley,Sheila; Kiunjuri,John; Omondi,Mary; Burnet,Rob; Deacon,Bridget
APHIA II OR Project in Kenya Technical Report
Publication date: 2012
Priorities for adolescent girls' education (PDF)
Lloyd,Cynthia B.
GIRLS FIRST! Perspectives on Girl-Centered Programming
Publication date: 2012
The power of girls' schooling for young women's empowerment and reproductive health (PDF)
Zaidi,Batool; Sathar,Zeba A.; ul Haque,Minhaj; Zafar,Fareeha
Publication date: 2012
The reproductive health of young people in Egypt (PDF)
Abdel-Tawab,Nahla; Roushdy,Noha; Sieverding,Maia
Survey of Young People in Egypt Policy Brief (no. 1)
Publication date: 2012
The reproductive health of young people in Egypt [Arabic] (PDF)
Abdel-Tawab,Nahla; Roushdy,Noha; Sieverding,Maia
Survey of Young People in Egypt Policy Brief (no. 1)
Publication date: 2012
Youth perspectives on entrepreneurship in Egypt: Barriers to entrepreneurship as a means to combat youth unemployment (PDF)
Sieverding,Maia
Survey of Young People in Egypt Policy Brief (no. 5)
Publication date: 2012
Youth perspectives on entrepreneurship in Egypt: Barriers to entrepreneurship as a means to combat youth unemployment [Arabic] (PDF)
Sieverding,Maia
Survey of Young People in Egypt Policy Brief (no. 5)
Publication date: 2012
Education during humanitarian emergencies: The situation of displaced children and youth in Darfur, Sudan (PDF)
El-Kogali,Safaa
Promoting Healthy, Safe, and Productive Transitions to Adulthood Brief (no. 32)
Publication date: 2011
Education helps girls overcome a history of disadvantage (PDF)
Population Briefs 16(3)
Publication date: 2011
From research, to program design, to implementation: Programming for rural girls in Ethiopia--A toolkit for practitioners (PDF)
Erulkar,Annabel S.
Publication date: 2011
Girls' schooling in developing countries: Highlights from Population Council research (PDF)
Lloyd,Cynthia B.
Promoting Healthy, Safe, and Productive Transitions to Adulthood Brief (no. 24)
Publication date: 2011
HIV infection and schooling experiences of adolescents in Uganda (PDF)
Birungi,Harriet; Obare,Francis; Katahoire,Anne; Kibenge,Aggrey David; Letamo,Gobopamang
from Social and Psychological Aspects of HIV/AIDS and their Ramifications, pp. 73-88
Publication date: 2011
Investigating school quality and learning outcomes among adolescents in Malawi (PDF)
Kelly,Christine A.
Promoting Healthy, Safe, and Productive Transitions to Adulthood Brief (no. 34)
Publication date: 2011
La educación de las niñas en países en desarrollo: aspectos destacados de la investigación del Population Council (PDF)
Lloyd,Cynthia B.
Promoción de transiciones a la vida adulta sanas, seguras y productivas resumen (no. 24)
Publication date: 2011
Summary of New Lessons: The Power of Educating Adolescent Girls (PDF)
Lloyd,Cynthia B.
Promoting Healthy, Safe, and Productive Transitions to Adulthood Brief (no. 33)
Publication date: 2011
"Survey of Young People in Egypt: Summary of results," fact sheet (HTML)
Publication date: 2010
Community based reproductive health (RH) intervention resulted in increasing age at marriage: The case of Berhane Hewan Project, in East Gojam zone, Amhara region, Ethiopia
(abstract) (PDF)
Mekbib,Tekle-Ab; Molla,Mitike
Ethiopian Journal of Reproductive Health 4(1): 16-25
Publication date: 2010
The nature of mothers' work and children's schooling in Nepal: The influence of income and time effects
(PDF)
Bajracharya,Ashish
Poverty, Gender, and Youth Working Paper (no. 21)
Publication date: 2010
Education and transition to work among youth in Andhra Pradesh (PDF) (HTML)
International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS); Population Council
Youth in India: Situation and Needs Policy Brief (no. 27)
Publication date: 2010
Ensuring education for all in India: Highlighting the obstacles (PDF) (HTML)
International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS); Population Council
Youth in India: Situation and Needs Policy Brief (no. 31)
Publication date: 2010
Ethiopia gender survey: A study in seven regions (PDF)
Erulkar,Annabel S.; Ferede,Abebaw; Ambelu,Worku; Girma,Woldemariam; Amdemikael,Helen; GebreMedhi,Behailu; Legesse,Berhanu; Tameru,Ayehualem; Teferi,Messay
Report
Publication date: 2010
Ethiopia young adult survey: A study in seven regions (PDF)
Erulkar,Annabel S.; Ferede,Abebaw; Ambelu,Worku; Girma,Woldemariam; Amdemikael,Helen; GebreMedhi,Behailu; Legesse,Berhanu; Tameru,Ayehualem; Teferi,Messay
Publication date: 2010
Impact of international migration and remittances on child schooling and child work: The case of Egypt (PDF)
Elbadawy,Asmaa; Roushdy,Rania
ERF Working Paper (no. 545)
Publication date: 2010
Kishor-kishorider jonno ortho sikkha [Financial education for adolescents] (PDF)
Ainul,Sigma; Khatun,Marzina; Mahbooba,Najneen
Publication date: 2010
Kishor-kishorider jonno ortho sikkha: Dishari shohayika [Financial education for adolescents: Mentor's manual] (PDF)
Ainul,Sigma; Khatun,Marzina; Mahbooba,Najneen
Publication date: 2010
Kishor-kishorider jonno ortho sikkha: Shikkhok shahayika [Financial education for adolescents: Teacher's manual] (PDF)
Ainul,Sigma; Khatun,Marzina; Mahbooba,Najneen
Publication date: 2010
L'adolescence des filles au Burkina Faso: Une clé de voûte pour le changement social [Girls' adolescence in Burkina Faso: A pivot point for social change] (PDF)
Brady,Martha; Saloucou,Lydia; Chong,Erica
Publication date: 2010
Looking back, moving forward: Improving the lives of orphans and other children affected by AIDS, Horizons studies 1998 to 2007 (PDF)
Schenk,Katie D.; Michaelis,Annie P.; Nelson,Tobey C.; Brown,Lisanne; Weiss,Ellen
Horizons Synthesis Background Papers
Publication date: 2010
Schooling and conflict in Darfur: A snapshot of basic education services for displaced children (PDF)
Lloyd,Cynthia B.; El-Kogali,Safaa; Perlman Robinson,Jenny; Rankin,Johanna; Rashed,Ali
Publication date: 2010
Survey of Young People in Egypt: Final report and data sets (PDF)
Final report
Publication date: 2010
Survey of Young People in Egypt: Final report and data sets [Arabic] (PDF) (HTML)
Publication date: 2010
Survey of young people in Egypt: Preliminary report (PDF)
Publication date: 2010
The effect of domestic work on girls' schooling: Evidence from Egypt (abstract) (HTML)
Assaad,Ragui; Levison,Deborah; Zibani,Nadia
Feminist Economics 16(1): 79-128
Publication date: 2010
Young adult and gender survey: Addis Ababa
Ambelu,Worku; Erulkar,Annabel S.; Ferede,Abebaw; Girma,Woldemariam; Dessalegn,Banchiamlack; Amdemikael,Helen; GebreMedhin,Behailu; Legesse,Berhanu; Tameru,Ayehualem; Teferi,Messay
Research report
Publication date: 2010
Young adult and gender survey: Addis Ababa
Muthengi,Eunice; Erulkar,Annabel S.
Research Brief, October
Publication date: 2010
Young adult and gender survey: Afar region
Ambelu,Worku; Ferede,Abebaw; Girma,Woldemariam; Erulkar,Annabel S.; Dessalegn,Banchiamlack; Amdemikael,Helen; GebreMedhin,Behailu; Legesse,Berhanu; Tameru,Ayehualem; Teferi,Messay
Research report
Publication date: 2010
Young adult and gender survey: Amhara region
Ferede,Abebaw; Ambelu,Worku; Girma,Woldemariam; Erulkar,Annabel S.; Dessalegn,Banchiamlack; Amdemikael,Helen; GebreMedhin,Behailu; Legesse,Berhanu; Tameru,Ayehualem; Teferi,Messay
Research report
Publication date: 2010
Young adult and gender survey: Amhara Region
Muthengi,Eunice; Erulkar,Annabel S.
Research Brief, October
Publication date: 2010
Young adult and gender survey: Oromiya Region
Muthengi,Eunice; Erulkar,Annabel S.
Research Brief, November
Publication date: 2010
Young adult and gender survey: Oromiya region
Ferede,Abebaw; Girma,Woldemariam; Erulkar,Annabel S.; Dessalegn,Banchiamlack; Amdemikael,Helen; GebreMedhin,Behailu; Legesse,Berhanu; Tameru,Ayehualem; Teferi,Messay
Research report
Publication date: 2010
Young adult and gender survey: Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples' Region
Girma,Woldemariam; Ferede,Abebaw; Ambelu,Worku; Erulkar,Annabel S.; Dessalegn,Banchiamlack; Amdemikael,Helen; GebreMedhin,Behailu; Legesse,Berhanu; Tameru,Ayehualem; Teferi,Messay
Research report
Publication date: 2010
Young adult and gender survey: Tigray region
Muthengi,Eunice; Erulkar,Annabel S.
Research Brief, November
Publication date: 2010
Youth and gender survey: Afar region
Muthengi,Eunice; Erulkar,Annabel S.
Research Brief, November
Publication date: 2010
Youth and gender survey: Southern Nations, Nationalities and People's Region (SNNPR)
Muthengi,Eunice; Erulkar,Annabel S.
Research Brief, November
Publication date: 2010
Adolescent experience in-depth: Using data to identify and reach the most vulnerable young people (HTML)
Series of 51 data guides by country
Publication date: 2009
Education and transition to work among youth in Tamil Nadu (PDF) (HTML)
International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS); Population Council
Youth in India: Situation and Needs Policy Brief (no. 13)
Publication date: 2009
Education at a glance: Selected indicators based on the Egypt Labor Market Surveys of 1988, 1998, and 2006
Elbadawy,Asmaa; Assaad,Ragui
from The Egyptian Labor Market Revisited
Publication date: 2009
Educational inequalities in the midst of persistent poverty: Diversity across Africa in educational outcomes (PDF)
Lloyd,Cynthia B.; Hewett,Paul C.
Poverty, Gender, and Youth Working Paper (no. 14)
Publication date: 2009
Educational inequalities in the midst of persistent poverty: Diversity across Africa in educational outcomes (abstract) (HTML)
Lloyd,Cynthia B.; Hewett,Paul C.
Journal of International Development 21(8): 1137-1151
Publication date: 2009
Ensuring education for all in Bihar: Highlighting the obstacles (PDF) (HTML)
International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS); Population Council
Youth in India: Situation and Needs Policy Brief (no. 20)
Publication date: 2009
Ensuring education for all in Jharkhand: Highlighting the obstacles (PDF) (HTML)
International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS); Population Council
Youth in India: Situation and Needs Policy Brief (no. 9)
Publication date: 2009
Evaluation of Berhane Hewan: A program to delay child marriage in rural Ethiopia (abstract) (PDF)
Erulkar,Annabel S.; Muthengi,Eunice
International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 35(1): 6-14
Publication date: 2009
Looking beyond universal primary education: Gender differences in time use among children in rural Bangladesh (PDF)
Amin,Sajeda; Chandrasekhar,S.
Poverty, Gender, and Youth Working Paper (no. 17)
Publication date: 2009
New Lessons: The Power of Educating Adolescent Girls--A Girls Count report on adolescent girls (PDF)
Lloyd,Cynthia B.
Publication date: 2009
The implications of changing educational and family circumstances for children's grade progression in rural Pakistan: 1997-2004 (abstract) (HTML)
Lloyd,Cynthia B.; Mete,Cem; Grant,Monica J.
Economics of Education Review 28(1): 152-160
Publication date: 2009
Associations between premarital sex and leaving school in four sub-Saharan African countries (abstract) (HTML)
Biddlecom,Ann E.; Gregory,Richard; Lloyd,Cynthia B.; Mensch,Barbara S.
Studies in Family Planning 39(4): 337-350
Publication date: 2008
Evaluation of Berhane Hewan: A pilot program to promote education and delay marriage in rural Ethiopia (PDF)
Erulkar,Annabel S.; Muthengi,Eunice
Publication date: 2008
Gender differences in time use among adolescents in developing countries: Implications of rising school enrollment rates (abstract) (HTML)
Lloyd,Cynthia B.; Grant,Monica J.; Ritchie,Amanda
Journal of Research on Adolescence 18(1): 99-120
Publication date: 2008
Marriage and childbirth as factors in dropping out from school: An analysis of DHS data from sub-Saharan Africa (abstract) (HTML)
Lloyd,Cynthia B.; Mensch,Barbara S.
Population Studies 62(1): 1-13
Publication date: 2008
Marriage considerations in sending girls to school in Bangladesh: Some qualitative evidence (PDF)
Amin,Sajeda; Huq,Lopita
Poverty, Gender, and Youth Working Paper (no. 12)
Publication date: 2008
Pakistani girls' teachers more likely to be absent (PDF)
Population Briefs 14(1)
Publication date: 2008
Pregnancy and marriage are not the main reasons for leaving school in Africa (abstract) (HTML)
Lloyd,Cynthia B.; Mensch,Barbara S.
International Family Planning Perspectives 34(3): 147-148
Publication date: 2008
Pregnancy-related school dropout and prior school performance in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (abstract) (HTML)
Grant,Monica J.; Hallman,Kelly
Studies in Family Planning 39(4): 369-382
Publication date: 2008
Assessing the multiple disadvantages of Mayan girls: The effects of gender, ethnicity, poverty, and residence on education in Guatemala (PDF)
Hallman,Kelly; Peracca,Sara; Catino,Jennifer; Ruiz,Marta Julia
Promoting Healthy, Safe, and Productive Transitions to Adulthood Brief (no. 16)
Publication date: 2007
Bad experiences underlie pregnancy-related dropout (PDF)
Population Briefs 13(3)
Publication date: 2007
Evaluación de las múltiples desventajas de las niñas mayas: efectos del género, el origen étnico, la pobreza y el lugar de residencia sobre la educación en Guatemala [Assessing the multiple disadvantages of Mayan girls: The effects of gender, ethnicity, poverty, and residence on education in Guatemala] (PDF)
Hallman,Kelly; Peracca,Sara; Catino,Jennifer; Ruiz,Marta Julia
Promoción de transiciones a la vida adulta sanas, seguras y productivas Resumen (No.16)
Publication date: 2007
Girls' adolescence in Burkina Faso: A pivot point for social change (PDF)
Brady,Martha; Saloucou,Lydia; Chong,Erica
Publication date: 2007
Leave no woman behind, Ethiopia: Baseline report (PDF)
Erulkar,Annabel S.; Mekbib,Tekle-Ab; Amdemikael,Helen; Conille,Garry
Publication date: 2007
Nonconsensual sex, school enrollment and educational outcomes in South Africa (abstract) (HTML)
Hallman,Kelly
Africa Insight 37(3): 454-472
Publication date: 2007
Premarital sex and schooling transitions in four sub-Saharan African countries (PDF)
Biddlecom,Ann E.; Gregory,Richard; Lloyd,Cynthia B.; Mensch,Barbara S.
Poverty, Gender, and Youth Working Paper (no. 5)
Publication date: 2007
Rural girls in Pakistan: Constraints of policy and culture (PDF)
Lloyd,Cynthia B.; Mete,Cem; Grant,Monica J.; Lewis,Maureen; Lockheed,Marlaine
from Exclusion, Gender and Education: Case Studies from the Developing World, pp. 99-118
Publication date: 2007
Schooling in Bangladesh
Amin,Sajeda; Gupta,Amita
from Going to School in South Asia
Publication date: 2007
Teacher absence as a factor in gender inequalities in access to primary schooling in rural Pakistan (PDF)
Ghuman,Sharon; Lloyd,Cynthia B.
Poverty, Gender, and Youth Working Paper (no. 1)
Publication date: 2007
The role of schools in promoting sexual and reproductive health among adolescents in developing countries (PDF)
Lloyd,Cynthia B.
Poverty, Gender, and Youth Working Paper (no. 6)
Publication date: 2007
Fewer and better-educated children: Expanded choices in schooling and fertility in rural Pakistan (PDF)
Sathar,Zeba A.; Lloyd,Cynthia B.; ul Haque,Minhaj; Khan,Mumraiz; Grant,Monica J.
Publication date: 2006
Girls' schooling and marriage in rural Bangladesh
Mahmud,Simeen; Amin,Sajeda; Hannum,Emily; Fuller,Bruce
from Children's Lives and Schooling Across Societies (Research in the Sociology of Education, Volume 15), pp. 71-99
Publication date: 2006
Illuminating the status of Mayan girls in Guatemala (PDF)
Population Briefs 12(3)
Publication date: 2006
Ishraq expands horizons for girls in rural Upper Egypt (PDF)
Population Briefs 12(2)
Publication date: 2006
Marriage and childbirth as factors in school exit: An analysis of DHS data from sub-Saharan Africa (PDF)
Lloyd,Cynthia B.; Mensch,Barbara S.
Policy Research Division Working Paper (no. 219)
Publication date: 2006
Multiple disadvantages of Mayan females: The effects of gender, ethnicity, poverty, and residence on education in Guatemala (PDF)
Hallman,Kelly; Peracca,Sara; Catino,Jennifer; Ruiz,Marta Julia
Policy Research Division Working Paper (no. 211)
Publication date: 2006
Poverty and school dropout in Pakistan (PDF)
Population Briefs 12(2)
Publication date: 2006
Pregnancy-related school dropout and prior school performance in South Africa (PDF)
Grant,Monica J.; Hallman,Kelly
Policy Research Division Working Paper (no. 212)
Publication date: 2006
Schooling and adolescent reproductive behavior in developing countries (PDF)
Lloyd,Cynthia B.
Paper commissioned by the United Nations Millennium Project for the report Public Choices, Private Decisions: Sexual and Reproductive Health and the Millennium Development Goals
Publication date: 2006
The girls left behind: The failed reach of current schooling, child health, youth-serving, and livelihoods programs for girls living in the path of HIV
Bruce,Judith; Haberland,Nicole; Chong,Erica; Grant,Monica J.; Joyce,Amy
Policy paper
Publication date: 2006
The implications of changing educational and family circumstances for children's grade progression in rural Pakistan: 1997-2004 (PDF)
Lloyd,Cynthia B.; Mete,Cem; Grant,Monica J.
Policy Research Division Working Paper (no. 209)
Publication date: 2006
Causas de bajos logros educacionales y transición temprana a la edad adulta en Guatemala [Causes of low school achievement and early transition to adulthood in Guatemala] (PDF)
Hallman,Kelly; Peracca,Sara; Catino,Jennifer; Ruiz,Marta Julia
Publication date: 2005
Poverty and children's schooling in urban and rural Senegal (PDF)
Montgomery,Mark R.; Hewett,Paul C.
Policy Research Division Working Paper (no. 196)
Publication date: 2005
Poverty and children's schooling in urban and rural Senegal [Arabic] (PDF)
Montgomery,Mark R.; Hewett,Paul C.
Policy Research Division Working Paper (no. 196)
Publication date: 2005
Poverty and schooling in Senegal (PDF)
Population Council Annual Report 2004
Publication date: 2005
Progress toward education for all: Trends and current challenges for sub-Saharan Africa
Hewett,Paul C.; Lloyd,Cynthia B.; Behrman,Jere R.; Stromquist,Nelly P.; Cohen,Barney
from The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries: Selected Studies, pp. 84-117
Publication date: 2005
Schooling
Lloyd,Cynthia B.
from Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries, pp. 67-167
Publication date: 2005
The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries: Selected Studies (PDF) (HTML)
National Research Council; Lloyd,Cynthia B.; Behrman,Jere R.; Stromquist,Nelly P.; Cohen,Barney
Publication date: 2005
The effect of gender differences in primary school access, type, and quality on the decision to enroll in rural Pakistan (abstract) (HTML)
Lloyd,Cynthia B.; Mete,Cem; Sathar,Zeba A.
Economic Development and Cultural Change 53(3): 685-710
Publication date: 2005
The impact of life skills education on adolescent sexual risk behaviors in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (abstract) (HTML)
Magnani,Robert; Macintyre,Kate; Karim,Ali Mehyrar; Brown,Lisanne; Hutchinson,Paul; Transitions Study Team; Kaufman,Carol E.; Rutenberg,Naomi; Hallman,Kelly; May,Julian; Dallimore,Anthea
Journal of Adolescent Health 36(4): 289-304
Publication date: 2005
The poverty trap: Leveling the playing field for young people (PDF)
Faizunnissa,Azeema
brief based on Adolescents and Youth in Pakistan 2001-02: A Nationally Representative Survey
Publication date: 2005
Urban poverty and children and youth schooling: A case study of households and neighborhoods in urban Egypt
Roushdy,Rania; Montgomery,Mark R.; Fikree,Fariyal F.
from Proceedings of the Urban Children and Youth in the MENA Region Meeting: Addressing Priorities in Education
Publication date: 2005
Gender differences in time use among adolescents in developing countries: Implications of rising school enrollment rates (PDF)
Ritchie,Amanda; Lloyd,Cynthia B.; Grant,Monica J.
Policy Research Division Working Paper (no. 193)
Publication date: 2004
School incentive programs and children's activities: The case of Bangladesh (HTML)
Arends-Kuenning,Mary; Amin,Sajeda
Comparative Education Review 48(3): 295-317
Publication date: 2004
Schooling trends in Africa: New assessment methods needed (PDF)
Population Briefs 10(1)
Publication date: 2004
Transitions to adulthood in the context of AIDS in South Africa: The impact of exposure to life skills education on adolescent knowledge, skills, and behavior (PDF)
The Transitions to Adulthood Study Team
Horizons Final Report
Publication date: 2004
A summary of selected DHS data on very young adolescents (PDF) (HTML)
Annex to 'Facts about adolescents from the Demographic and Health Survey-Statistical tables for program planning'
Publication date: 2003
Adolescents and Youth in Pakistan 2001-2002: A Nationally Representative Survey (PDF)
Sathar,Zeba A.; ul Haque,Minhaj; Faizunnissa,Azeema; Sultana,Munawar; Lloyd,Cynthia B.; Diers,Judith A.; Grant,Monica J.
Publication date: 2003
Education
Lloyd,Cynthia B.; Demeny,Paul; McNicoll,Geoffrey
from Encyclopedia of Population, pp. 278-283
Publication date: 2003
Increasing the quality of adolescent girls' education: A vital development and reproductive health measure (PDF)
Erulkar,Annabel S.
from Adolescent and Youth Sexual and Reproductive Health: Charting Directions for a Second Generation of Programming-Background Documents for the Meeting, pp. 77-89
Publication date: 2003
Primary schooling in sub-Saharan Africa: Recent trends and current challenges (PDF)
Lloyd,Cynthia B.; Hewett,Paul C.
Policy Research Division Working Paper (no. 176)
Publication date: 2003
Schooling opportunities for girls as a stimulus for fertility change in rural Pakistan (HTML)
Sathar,Zeba A.; Lloyd,Cynthia B.; Mete,Cem; ul Haque,Minhaj
Economic Development and Cultural Change 51(3): 677-698
Publication date: 2003
Selected DHS data on 10-14-year-olds (HTML)
Annexes by country to Facts about Adolescents from the Demographic and Health Survey: Statistical Tables for Program Planning
Publication date: 2003
The Colors of Change: Participation in School Upgrading in Egypt
Herrera,Linda
Publication date: 2003
The Colors of Change: Participation in School Upgrading in Egypt [Arabic] (PDF)
Herrera,Linda
Publication date: 2003
The impact of educational quality on school exit in Egypt (HTML)
Lloyd,Cynthia B.; El Tawila,Sahar; Clark,Wesley H.; Mensch,Barbara S.
Comparative Education Review 47(4): 444-467
Publication date: 2003
Adolescents and youth in Pakistan 2001-2002: A nationally representative survey [Arabic] (PDF)
Publication date: 2002
Learning's hidden value: Girls' schooling and the fertility transition in rural Pakistan
Sathar,Zeba A.
Orgyn 13(3): 8-12
Publication date: 2002
The effect of gender differences in primary school access, type, and quality on the decision to enroll in rural Pakistan (PDF)
Lloyd,Cynthia B.; Mete,Cem; Sathar,Zeba A.
Policy Research Division Working Paper (no. 164)
Publication date: 2002
Facts about adolescents from the Demographic and Health Survey: Statistical tables for program planning (HTML)
Series of DHS data tables by country
Publication date: 2001
Gender roles sharply differentiated among Egyptian youth [Arabic] (PDF)
Population Briefs 7(2)
Publication date: 2001
Illuminating the importance of school quality in Egypt [Arabic] (PDF)
Population Briefs 7(4)
Publication date: 2001
Premarital sex, schoolgirl pregnancy, and school quality in rural Kenya (abstract) (PDF)
Mensch,Barbara S.; Clark,Wesley H.; Lloyd,Cynthia B.; Erulkar,Annabel S.
Studies in Family Planning 32(4): 285-301
Publication date: 2001
Reducing HIV infection among youth: What can schools do? Key baseline findings from Mexico, South Africa, and Thailand (PDF)
Stewart,Holley; McCauley,Ann P.; Baker,Simon; Givaudan,Martha; James,Shegs; Leenen,Iwin; Pick,Susan; Reddy,Priscilla; Rewthong,Usasinee; Rumakom,Patchara; Walker,Dilys
Horizons Report
Publication date: 2001
Greater investments in children through women's empowerment: A key to demographic change in Pakistan? (PDF)
Durrant,Valerie L.; Sathar,Zeba A.
Policy Research Division Working Paper (no. 137)
Publication date: 2000
Investments in Children's Education and Family-Building Behavior in Pakistan: Findings from Rural NWFP and Punjab
Sathar,Zeba A.; Lloyd,Cynthia B.; ul Haque,Minhaj
Publication date: 2000
Schooling opportunities for girls as a stimulus for fertility change in rural Pakistan (PDF)
Sathar,Zeba A.; Lloyd,Cynthia B.; Mete,Cem; ul Haque,Minhaj
Policy Research Division Working Paper (no. 143)
Publication date: 2000
The effects of schooling incentive programs on household resource allocation in Bangladesh (PDF)
Arends-Kuenning,Mary; Amin,Sajeda
Policy Research Division Working Paper (no. 133)
Publication date: 2000
The School Environment in Egypt. A Situation Analysis of Public Preparatory Schools
El Tawila,Sahar; Lloyd,Cynthia B.; Mensch,Barbara S.; Wassef,Hind; Gamal,Zeinab; Clark,Wesley H.; Sakr,Rania
Publication date: 2000
The School Environment in Egypt. A Situation Analysis of Public Preparatory Schools [Arabic] (PDF)
El Tawila,Sahar; Lloyd,Cynthia B.; Mensch,Barbara S.; Wassef,Hind; Gamal,Zeinab; Clark,Wesley H.; Sakr,Rania
Publication date: 2000
The spread of primary schooling in sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for fertility change (abstract) (PDF)
Lloyd,Cynthia B.; Kaufman,Carol E.; Hewett,Paul C.
Population and Development Review 26(3): 483-515
Publication date: 2000
Critical Perspectives on Schooling and Fertility in the Developing World
Publication date: 1999
High fertility, unwanted fertility, and children's schooling
Montgomery,Mark R.; Lloyd,Cynthia B.; Bledsoe,Caroline H.; Casterline,John B.; Johnson-Kuhn,Jennifer A.; Haaga,John G.
from Critical Perspectives on Schooling and Fertility in the Developing World, pp. 216-266
Publication date: 1999
Implications of formal schooling for girls' transitions to adulthood in developing countries
Lloyd,Cynthia B.; Mensch,Barbara S.; Bledsoe,Caroline H.; Casterline,John B.; Johnson-Kuhn,Jennifer A.; Haaga,John G.
Washington,DC, pp. 80-104
Publication date: 1999
Is mass schooling essential for fertility decline to begin? [Arabic] (PDF)
Population Briefs 5(3)
Publication date: 1999
Let a hundred flowers bloom. Education and livelihood programmes for girls. ADITHI, Bihar
Subramanian,Sangeeta
Adolescents in Transition. Programmes and Practices in India
Publication date: 1999
Premarital sex and school dropout in Kenya: Can schools make a difference? (PDF)
Mensch,Barbara S.; Clark,Wesley H.; Lloyd,Cynthia B.; Erulkar,Annabel S.
Policy Research Division Working Paper (no. 124)
Publication date: 1999
The spread of primary schooling in sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for fertility change (PDF)
Lloyd,Cynthia B.; Kaufman,Carol E.; Hewett,Paul C.
Policy Research Division Working Paper (no. 127)
Publication date: 1999
To light a candle. Educational initiatives for girls. Mahila Samakhya, Karnataka & Andhra Pradesh
Mathur,Nandita
Adolescents in Transition. Programmes and Practices in India
Publication date: 1999
Adolescent Reproductive Behavior in the Developing World: Introduction and overview
Bongaarts,John; Cohen,Barney
Studies in Family Planning 29(2)
Publication date: 1998
Gender differences in the schooling experiences of adolescents in low-income countries: The case of Kenya (abstract) (PDF)
Mensch,Barbara S.; Lloyd,Cynthia B.
Studies in Family Planning 29(2): 167-184
Publication date: 1998
Incentive schemes for school attendance in rural Bangladesh (PDF)
Amin,Sajeda; Sedgh,Gilda
Policy Research Division Working Paper (no. 106)
Publication date: 1998
The effects of primary school quality on the educational participation and attainment of Kenyan girls and boys (PDF)
Lloyd,Cynthia B.; Mensch,Barbara S.; Clark,Wesley H.
Policy Research Division Working Paper (no. 116)
Publication date: 1998
Excess fertility, unintended births and children's schooling
Montgomery,Mark R.; Lloyd,Cynthia B.
Policy Research Division Working Paper (no. 100)
Publication date: 1997
Gender differences in the schooling experiences of adolescents in low-income countries: The case of Kenya (PDF)
Mensch,Barbara S.; Lloyd,Cynthia B.
Policy Research Division Working Paper (no. 95)
Publication date: 1997
Schooling and the experience of adolescents in Kenya
Ajayi,Ayorinde; Clark,Wesley H.; Erulkar,Annabel S.; Hyde,Karin; Lloyd,Cynthia B.; Mensch,Barbara S.; Ndeti,Cecilia; Ravitch,Barry; Masiga,Elisabeth; Gichaga,Shiprah
Publication date: 1997
Children's schooling in sub-Saharan Africa: The role of fathers, mothers, and others (abstract) (HTML)
Lloyd,Cynthia B.; Blanc,Ann K.
Population and Development Review 22(2): 265-298
Publication date: 1996
Children's schooling in sub-Saharan Africa: The role of fathers, mothers, and others
Lloyd,Cynthia B.; Blanc,Ann K.
Policy Research Division Working Paper (no. 78)
Publication date: 1995
The tradeoff between the number of children and their schooling: Evidence from Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana
Montgomery,Mark R.; Kouame,Aka; Oliver,Raylynn
Policy Research Division Working Paper (no. 82)
Publication date: 1995
Gender and schooling in Thailand
Knodel,John
Policy Research Division Working Paper (no. 60)
Publication date: 1994
Who gets primary schooling in Pakistan: Inequalities among and within families
Sathar,Zeba A.; Lloyd,Cynthia B.
Policy Research Division Working Paper (no. 52)
Publication date: 1993
Does sibsize matter? The implications of family size for children's education in Ghana
Lloyd,Cynthia B.; Gage,Anastasia J.
Policy Research Division Working Paper (no. 45)
Publication date: 1992
Fertility decline and children's education in Thailand: Some macro and micro effects
Knodel,John
Policy Research Division Working Paper (no. 40)
Publication date: 1992
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